Relationship Between Height and Skeletal Malocclusion Type Using Steiner Analysis in The Banjar Ethnic Group: Cross Sectional Study
Abstract
Introduction: Indonesia is a country rich in ethnic diversity. Each tribe has characteristics that differ from other tribes. One of these differences lies in height, which is composed of long bones. The growth of long bones is the result of the ossification of cartilage located at the distal end. One of the long bones found in the craniofacial area is the mandible. The lateral cephalometric X-ray photos with Steiner analysis reveal the mandible's significant role in determining the type of skeletal malocclusion. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between height and skeletal malocclusion type using Steiner analysis in the Banjar ethnic group. Methods: This research is a correlational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 62 Banjar students aged 15–18 years, selected using the purposive sampling technique. Height was measured using a microtoise and converted into a Height-for-Age Z-score (HAZ) based on WHO standards. Skeletal relationships were determined through Steiner analysis on lateral cephalometry using the SNA, SNB, and ANB angular parameters. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test and Spearman's correlation test with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: Most samples had below-normal height, above-normal SNA, normal SNB, and above-normal ANB. The results of the Spearman's correlation analysis showed a significance value of 0.446. Conclusion: Most subjects had heights categorized as below normal based on the WHO Height-for-Age Z-score (HAZ), and the most common skeletal pattern found was Class II skeletal malocclusion with a tendency toward maxillary protrusion and mandibular position still within normal limits according to the SNA and SNB parameters. The results of the Spearman correlation test showed a significance value of 0.446 (p > 0.05), so it can be concluded that there is no statistically significant relationship between height and the type of skeletal malocclusion in Banjar adolescents aged 15–18 years. Height cannot be used as an indicator to predict the type of skeletal malocclusion in the study population. Keywords: Steiner analysis, lateral cephalometry, Banjar tribe, body height, skeletal malocclusion type.References
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33. Mageet AO. Classification of skeletal and dental malocclusion: Revisited. Stomatol Edu J. 2016;3(3–4):206. Doi: 10.25241/stomaeduj.2016.3(3-4).art.11
34. Syabira TA, Sahelangi OP. Gambaran nilai pengukuran parameter sefalometrik pasien ras Deutro Melayu usia 6–12 tahun menggunakan analisis Steiner. J Kedokt Gigi Terpadu. 2019;1(1):48. Doi: 10.25105/jkgt.v1i1.5158
35. Rahimah A, Wibowo D, Wardani IK, Azizah A, Putri DKT. Gambaran profil jaringan lunak secara klinis dan foto sefalometri pada suku Banjar. Dentin J Kedokt Gigi. 2023;7(3):141. https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v7i3.10744
36. Ardani IGAW, Budipramana M, Rachmawati E, Nugraha AP, Ardana IKKG, et al. COL1A1 and FGFR2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in Class II and Class III skeletal malocclusions in Javanese population. Eur J Dent. 2023;17(1):188–9. Doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1744371
37. Ali A, Danaie SM, Hosein M. Radiographic assessment of short stature. EC Dent Sci. 2016;4(3):788.
38. Andries AM, Anindita PS, Gunawan PN. Hubungan antara gigi berjejal dan status gizi pada remaja. e-GiGi. 2021;9(1):10. https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.9.1.2021.32308
39. Riyanti E. Prevalensi maloklusi dan gigi berjejal berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan umur pada anak sekolah dasar di Bandung. J Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;1(1):631–40.
40. Fatimah RN, Wahyuni S. Hubungan stunting terhadap gigi berjejal pada anak usia 5–12 tahun di Kecamatan Gedong Tataan Kabupaten Pesawaran. J Kesehat Tambusai. 2023;4(4):5088–9. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v4i4.19998
2. Meidy G, Kusuma F, Dwipura I. Perbandingan rerata besaran leeway space suku Banjar dengan rerata leeway space menurut Proffit. Odonto Dent J. 2016;3(1):20–2.
3. Batubara JR. Adolescent Development (Perkembangan Remaja). Sari Pediatr. 2016;12(1):24. Doi: 10.30659/odj.3.1.20-26
4. Salystina MA, Aflanie I, Panghiyangani R. Korelasi panjang lengan bawah dengan tinggi badan tinjauan pada wanita dewasa suku Dayak Bukit, suku Dayak Ngaju, dan suku Banjar Hulu. Fak Kedokt Univ Lambung Mangkurat. 2018;1(3):801–2.
5. Parinduri AG. Identifikasi tulang belulang. Anat Med J Fak Kedokt. 2018;1(1):2–12.
6. Rahardjo P. Ortodonti Dasar. 2nd ed. Surabaya: Pusat Penerbitan dan Percetakan Unair (AUP); 2012. p. 66–173. https://doi.org/10.30596/anatomica
7. Kemenkes RI. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Badan Litbangkes Kemenkes RI; 2018. p. 195–576.
8. Zhang X, Yi J, Li Y. Effects of nutrition and hormones on functional appliance treatment outcome in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion. J World Fed Orthod. 2020;9(1):2. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2020.01.004
9. Joma K, Sahtout G, Abdul-Hak M, Fakher MAA. Stature estimation by four lateral cephalometric parameters: Study from a sample of Syrian population. Int J Dent Oral Sci. 2021;8(3):1864. Doi: 10.19070/2377-8075-21000369
10. Al-Jewair T, Marwah S, Preston CB, Wu Y, Yu G. Correlation between craniofacial structures, anthropometric measurements, and nasopharyngeal dimensions in black adolescents. Int Orthod. 2021;19(1):96–106. Doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.01.002
11. Aditama P, Sugiatno E, Indrastuti M, Wahyuningtyas E. Protesa obturator definitif resin akrilik pada pasien systemic lupus erythematosus pasca maksilektomi. J Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjadjaran. 2020;32(2):63. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v32i2.28175
12. Kim KB, Kim EK, Jang KM, Kim MS, Park EY. Evaluation of craniofacial morphology in short-statured children: Growth hormone deficiency versus idiopathic short stature. Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2021;38(1):49–51. Doi: 10.12701/yujm.2020.00325
13. Chesya D, Wibowo D, Azizah A. Hubungan antara kebiasaan buruk bernafas melalui mulut dengan tingkat keparahan maloklusi pada anak sekolah dasar. Dentin. 2021;5(3):118. https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v5i3.4346
14. Keumala CR, Mardelita S. Perilaku dan kualitas hidup tentang gigi berjejal murid SLT 12 Banda Aceh. J Mutiara Ners. 2022;5(2):108. https://doi.org/10.51544/jmn.v5i2.3010
15. Hidayati R, Wibowo D, Hamdani R. Correlation between socioeconomic status of parents and orthodontic treatment needs in the students of SMAN 10 Banjarmasin. J Kedokt Gigi. 2021;6(2):147. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v6i2.13474
16. Li C, Cai Y, Chen S, Chen F. Classification and characterization of Class III malocclusion in Chinese individuals. Head Face Med. 2016;12(1):1. Doi: 10.1186/s13005-016-0127-8
17. Rathi A, Datana S, Agarwal S, Bhandari S. Association of ABO blood group with crowding among patients with different malocclusions. J Dent Def Sect. 2020;14(1):4. Doi: 10.4103/JODD.JODD_4_19
18. Aprilano S, Wibowo D, Sarifah N. Lateral cephalometric values of FKG ULM students Banjar ethnic according to Steiner analysis. J Radiol Dentomaksilofasial Indones. 2022;6(3):105–7. https://doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v6i3.901
19. Ocak Y, Cicek O, Ozkalayci N, Erener H. Investigation of the relationship between sagittal skeletal nasal profile morphology and malocclusions: A lateral cephalometric film study. Diagnostics. 2023;13(3):2–8. Doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13030463
20. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2019.
21. Huda IU, Karsudjono AJ. Belanja daerah sebagai upaya mengatasi kemiskinan dan pengangguran di Kota Banjarmasin. Al-Kalam J Komun Bisnis Manaj. 2021;8(2):51. Doi: 10.31602/al-kalam.v8i2.5298
22. Khotimah DF, Faizah UN, Sayekti T. Protein sebagai zat penyusun dalam tubuh manusia: Tinjauan sumber protein menuju sel. PISCES. 2021;1(1):127–33. https://doi.org/10.24198/fjcs/v5i2.60138
23. Husin M. Terapi human growth hormone (HGH) untuk anak dengan non-growth hormone deficiency. Cermin Dunia Kedokt. 2021;48(7):427–8. https://doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v48i7.102
24. Handayani R, Purwanti D, Fatmaningrum W. The age of puberty and menarche toward body height of midwifery students. J MKMI. 2017;13(1):24. Doi: 10.30597/mkmi.v13i1.1579
25. Cenzato N, Nobili A. Prevalence of dental malocclusions in different geographical areas: Scoping review. Dent J. 2021;9(117):8–9. Doi: 10.3390/dj9100117
26. Afdholy AR. Tipomorfologi permukiman tepian Sungai Martapura Kota Banjarmasin. Local Wisdom J Ilm Kearifan Lokal. 2017;9(1):34. Doi: 10.26905/lw.v9i1.1865
27. Brahmanta A. Monograf gambaran sefalometri skeletal, dental dan jaringan lunak. Surabaya: Kartika Mulya; 2020. p. 9–22.
28. Rahayu S. Odontektomi: Tatalaksana gigi bungsu impaksi. E-Journal Widya Kesehat Lingkung. 2014;1(2):83.
29. Torlińska-Walkowiak N, Majewska KA, Kędzia A, Opydo-Szymaczek J. Clinical implications of growth hormone deficiency for oral health in children: A systematic review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16):12–3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163733
30. Nakawaki T, Yamaguchi T, Isa M, Kawaguchi A, Tomita D, Hikita Y, et al. Growth hormone receptor gene variant and three-dimensional mandibular morphology. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(1):68. DOI : 10.2319/02316-154.1.
31. Yu J, Laaksonen S, Mursu E, Typpö M, Pesonen P, Voipio HM, et al. Effects of estrogen level, dietary loading, and aging on collagen structure of rat mandibular condylar cartilage. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2020;34(4):338. DOI : 10.11607/ofph.2636.
32. Lubis MM, Fulvian J. Perbedaan tinggi vertikal wajah pada maloklusi kelas I dan II skeletal. Padjadjaran J Dent Res Students. 2021;5(1):54. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v5i1.29376
33. Mageet AO. Classification of skeletal and dental malocclusion: Revisited. Stomatol Edu J. 2016;3(3–4):206. Doi: 10.25241/stomaeduj.2016.3(3-4).art.11
34. Syabira TA, Sahelangi OP. Gambaran nilai pengukuran parameter sefalometrik pasien ras Deutro Melayu usia 6–12 tahun menggunakan analisis Steiner. J Kedokt Gigi Terpadu. 2019;1(1):48. Doi: 10.25105/jkgt.v1i1.5158
35. Rahimah A, Wibowo D, Wardani IK, Azizah A, Putri DKT. Gambaran profil jaringan lunak secara klinis dan foto sefalometri pada suku Banjar. Dentin J Kedokt Gigi. 2023;7(3):141. https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v7i3.10744
36. Ardani IGAW, Budipramana M, Rachmawati E, Nugraha AP, Ardana IKKG, et al. COL1A1 and FGFR2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in Class II and Class III skeletal malocclusions in Javanese population. Eur J Dent. 2023;17(1):188–9. Doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1744371
37. Ali A, Danaie SM, Hosein M. Radiographic assessment of short stature. EC Dent Sci. 2016;4(3):788.
38. Andries AM, Anindita PS, Gunawan PN. Hubungan antara gigi berjejal dan status gizi pada remaja. e-GiGi. 2021;9(1):10. https://doi.org/10.35790/eg.9.1.2021.32308
39. Riyanti E. Prevalensi maloklusi dan gigi berjejal berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan umur pada anak sekolah dasar di Bandung. J Pengabdi Kpd Masy. 2018;1(1):631–40.
40. Fatimah RN, Wahyuni S. Hubungan stunting terhadap gigi berjejal pada anak usia 5–12 tahun di Kecamatan Gedong Tataan Kabupaten Pesawaran. J Kesehat Tambusai. 2023;4(4):5088–9. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v4i4.19998
Published
2025-10-31
How to Cite
KURNIAWAN, Fajar Kusuma Dwi et al.
Relationship Between Height and Skeletal Malocclusion Type Using Steiner Analysis in The Banjar Ethnic Group: Cross Sectional Study.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 116-125, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/1211>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v8i2.1211.
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
