Nuclear Changes in the Form of Karyorrhexis and Karyopyknosis in Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells of Smokers

  • Adlina Putri Harissa Universitas Trisakti

Abstract

Smoking not only has systemic effects but also lead to the development of pathological conditions in the oral cavity. Long-term smoking habits and the carcinogenic substances in cigarettes can decrease the development of epithelial cells and enhance cell apoptosis. Cell death or apoptosis can be characterized by changes in the cell nucleus in form of karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis. Method: This analytical observational research using exfoliative cytology examination with scraping technique was done to evaluate the number and percentage of karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis of oral mucosal epithelial cells. As much as 60 research subjects were used in this study which divided into 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers. Two slides were created from each oral buccal mucous epithelium cell smears that delivered to the laboratory for Papanicolaou staining. Cells observation was conducted in three fields of each slide to evaluate the percentage of cells experiencing karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis. Results: karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis was found higher in smoking subjects. There was significant difference  in the number of oral mucosal epithelial cells that undergo kariopyknosis (p=0.005<0.05) and karyorrhexis (p=0.001 <0.05) between smokers and non-smokers group. Conclusion: Smoking can be a causing factor for the cell death in form of an increase of karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis of cells.

References

1. Pop AM, Coros R, Stoica AM, et al. Early Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal Alterations in Smokers and E-Cigarette Users Based on Micronuclei Count: A Cross-Sectional Study among Dental Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18: 1-10.
2. Ebrahimi H, Sahebihagh MH, Ghofranipour F, et al. Experiences of Adult Smokers from The Concepts of Smoking: A Content Analysis. Irianian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. 2014; 19(6): 550-557.
3. Djokja RM, Lampus BS, Mintjelungan
C. Gambaran Perokok dan Angka Kejadian Lesi Mukosa Mulut di Desa Monsongan Kecamatan Banggai Tengah. Journal e-GiGi. 2013; 1(1): 38-
44.
4. Nurhalimah, Putri FY, Haryati O, Dinarti. Pengaruh Iklan Rokok Terhadap Perilaku Merokok Remaja. JHCN. 2024; 4(1): 34-41.
5. Hussain A, Dulay P, Rivera MN, et al. Neoplastic Pathogenesis Associated with Cigarette Carcinogens. Cureus. 2019; 11(1): 1-10.
6. Tirtosastro S, Murdiyati AS. Kandungan Kimia Tembakau dan Rokok. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri. 2010; 2(1): 33-43.
7. Balatif, R. Cigarettes and Its Effects on Health. Scripta Score Scientific Medical Journal. 2020; 2(1): 44-52.
8. Bielecka-Kowalska NP, Bielicka S, Lewkowicz N. Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on Oral Health – a Narrative Review. J Pre Clin Clin Res. 2022; 16(3): 118-125.
9. Aji A, Maulinda L, Amin S. Isolasi Nikotin dari Puntung Rokok sebagai Insektis. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal. 2015; 4(1): 100-120.
10. Zhao C, Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Wang
N. The Effect of Different Tobacco Tar Levels on DNA Damage in Cigarette Smoking Subjects. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2020; 9(3): 302-307.
11. Lianzi I, Pitaloka E. Hubungan Pengetahuan Tentang Rokok dan Perilaku Merokok pada Staf Administrasi Universitas Esa Unggul. Indonesian of Health Information Management Journal (INOHIM). 2014; 2(1): 67-81.
12. Doolub G. E-cigarettes: Effects on Cardiovascular System [Internet]. British Cardiovascular Society. 2020 [cited 2024 Jul 14]. Available from: https://www.britishcardiovascularsociet y.org/resources/editorials/articles/e- cigarettes-effects-on-cardiovascular- system
13. Fitria F, Triandhini RR, Mangimbulude JC, et al. Merokok dan oksidasi DNA. Sains Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 2013; 5(2): 113-120.
14. Sudiono J. Pemeriksaan Patologi untuk Diagnosis Neoplasma Mukosa Mulut. EGC; 2021.
15. Tandelilin RT, Elastria W, Puspita RM, Mun TS. Analisis sitogenetik sel epitel mukosa bukal pekerja stasiun pengisi bahan bakar umum di kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains dan Teknologi. 2021; 10(2): 160-169.
16. Hou L, Liu K, Li Y, Ma S, et al. Necrotic pyknosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct event from apoptotic pyknosis. Journal of Cell Science. 2016; 129(16): 3084-3090.
17. Mancrinici V. Understanding nuclear dust and its role in other conditions outside of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. JAAD. 2017: 76(1).
18. Vassoler T, Dogenski LC, Sartori VK, et al. Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Tobacco and Alcohol in Oral Mucosa Cells: A Pilot Study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2021; 22(7): 745-750.
19. Parmar N, Master N, Gupta D. Effect of Smoking on Cytomorphology of Buccal Mucosal Cells: Can It Be A Non Invasive Tool to Detect Precancerous Changes in Smokers?. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology. 2019; 6(4): 418-425.
20. Seifi S, Feizi F, Mehdizadeh M, Khafri S, & Ahmadi B. Evaluation of Cytological Alterations of Oral Mucosa in Smokers and Waterpipe Users. Cell Journal (Yakhteh). 2014;15(4):302.
Published
2025-05-06
How to Cite
HARISSA, Adlina Putri. Nuclear Changes in the Form of Karyorrhexis and Karyopyknosis in Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells of Smokers. Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 19-23, may 2025. ISSN 2621-6175. Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/1349>. Date accessed: 09 may 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v8i1.1349.
Section
Research Article