Prediction Model of Pre, Peri-, and Postnatal Factors for Early Childhood Caries in Stunted Children of Juwiring, Central Java, Indonesia
(A Life Course Approach)
Abstract
Introduction: The life course approach highlights how early life, beginning with fetal growth, influences future disease risk. Oral health studies in Indonesia using this approach are still limited. This study examined the relationship between ECC status and retrospective data on stunted children under three and their mothers’ pregnancy history at Juwiring District Community Health Center. Objective: This study aims to examine the influence of pre, peri-, and postnatal factors on ECC occurrence in stunted children in Juwiring Regency, Central Java. Methods: Secondary data of pre, peri-, and postnatal information from 265 stunted children were obtained from the medical records. Oral examination was assisted by local dentists from the health center. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to construct a prediction model and determine the factors with the greatest influence on dental caries in stunted children in Juwiring District. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 69.1% in 246 subjects. The variables in the final prediction model for factors related to ECC were the mother's perception of her child's dental problems, the mother's education level, the mother’s knowledge of dental caries, and the child’s stunting status. The most influential factor was the mother's perception of her child's dental problem, with the highest odds ratio (OR) of 5.1 (1.83–14.23). Conclusion: This study revealed that prenatal factors related mothers’ education level and postnatal factors related to mothers’ perceived dental problems, poor knowledge of dental caries and children’s stunting status were included in the ECC prediction model for the stunted children of Juwiring District.References
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3. Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges, and interdisciplinary perspectives. Int J Epidemiol. 2002; 31(2): 285-93. DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.2.285
4. Nicolau B, Thomson WM, Steele JG, Allison PJ. Life-course epidemiology: concepts and theoretical models and its relevance to chronic oral conditions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(4): 241–249. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00332.x
5. Houweling TAJ, Grünberger I. Intergenerational transmission of health inequalities: toward a life course approach to socioeconomic inequalities in health - a review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2024; 78(10): 641–649. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220162.
6. Hobdell MH, Oliveira ER, Bautista R, Myburgh NG, Narendran S, Johnson NW. Oral diseases and socioeconomic status (SES). Br Dent J. 2003; 194(2): 91–96. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4809882
7. Sheiham A, Alexander D, Cohen L, Marinho V, Moysés S, Petersen PE, et al. Global oral health inequalities: Task group – Implementation and delivery of oral health strategies. Adv Dent Res. 2011; 23(2): 259–267. DOI: 10.1177/0022034511402084
8. Lin X, Wu W, Zhang C, Lo ECM, Chu CH, Dissanayaka WL. Prevalence and distribution of developmental enamel defects in children with cerebral palsy in Beijing, China. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2010; 21(1): 23–28. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01075.x
9. Salanitri S, Seow W. Developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition: etiology and clinical management. Aust Dent J. 2013; 58(2): 133–140. DOI: 10.1111/adj.12039\
10. Seow WK. Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: Challenges for basic science research and clinical management. Aust Dent J. 2014; 59 Suppl 1, 143–154. DOI: 10.1111/adj.12104
11. Oliveira RE, Neves WA. Oral health in prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama oases, Northern Chile. J Comp Hum Biol. 2015; 66(6): 492–507. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.05.001
12. Heilmann A, Tsakos G, Watt RG. Oral Health Over the Life Course. In Life Course Research and Social Policies, A Life Course Perspective on Health Trajectories and Transition, C. Burton-Jeangros, S. Cullati, A. Sacker, D. Blane, D. Springer, New York. 2015, Vol.4, pp. 53-54. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20484-0_3
13. Modrić VE, Verzak Ž, Karlović Z. Developmental Deffects of Enamel in Children with Intellectual Disability. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2016; 50(1): 65–71. DOI: 10.15644/asc50/1/9
14. Sheiham A. Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in preschool children. Br Dent J. 2006; 201(10): 625–626. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4814259
15. Sheiham A, Alexander D, Cohen L, Marinho V, Moysés S, Petersen PE, et al. Global oral health inequalities: Task group – Implementation and delivery of oral health strategies. Adv Dent Res. 2011; 23(2): 259–267. DOI: 10.1177/0022034511402084
16. Duijster D, Sheiham A, Hobdell MH, Itchon G, Monse B. Associations between oral health-related impacts and rate of weight gain after extraction of pulpally involved teeth in underweight preschool Filipino children. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 533. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-533
17. Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Bartley M, Sheiham A. A life course approach to assessing causes of dental caries experience: the relationship between biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychological conditions and caries in adolescents. Caries Res. 2003; 37: 319-26. DOI: 10.1159/000072162
18. Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Allison P, Sheiham A. The life course approach to explain the association between height and dental caries in Brazilian adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005; 33: 93-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00213.x
19. Peres MA, Macpherson LMD, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, et al. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. Lancet (London, England). 2019; 394(10194): 249–260. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8
20. Badrudddin IA, Khansa M, Darwita RR, Rahardjo A. The Relation of Mothers’s Nutritional Status to Primary Teeth Dental Caries. Int J App Phar. 2017; Vol.9, Special Issue 2. DOI: 10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s2.38
21. Portal Informasi Warga Jateng. Mengenal JUWITA, di Balik Turunnya Angka Stunting di Klaten [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://jatengprov.go.id/publik/mengenal-juwita-di-balik-turunnya-angka-stunting-di-klaten/
22. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia (PMK) No. 2 of 2020 concerning Child Anthropometric Standards. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/152505/permenkes-no-2-tahun-2020.
23. WHO. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 5th ed. France. 2013. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548649
24. ADA Division of Communications, Journal of the American Dental Association, & ADA Council on Scientific Affairs (2005). For the dental patient. Tooth eruption: The primary teeth. J Am Dent Assoc (1939), 136(11), 1619. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0095
25. Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008; 61(4): 344-349.
26. Ministry of Education Affair. Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System. https://pusmendik.kemdikbud.go.id/pdf/file-154
27. Decree of the Governor of Central Java No. 561/45 of 2024 concerning Minimum Wages in 35 Regencies/Cities and Sectoral Minimum Wages in Central Java Province in 2024. https://jdih.jatengprov.go.id/inventarisasi-hukum/detail/kepgub_561-45_th_2024
28. Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistik Indonesia. BPS. 2021. Status pekerjaan utama.
29. Rusmil VK, Ikhsani R, Dhamayanti M, Hafsah T. Relationship between caregiver behavior in young child feeding practice among children aged 12-23 months with stunting at suburban area. Sari Pediatr. 2019; 20(6): 1–5. https://saripediatri.org/index.php/sari-pediatri/article/view/1473
30. Amin A made, Sudargo T, Gunawan IMA. Hubungan Pola Asuh Dan Asupan Gizi Terhadap Status Gizi Anak Umur 6-24 Bulan Di Kelurahan Mangempang, Kecamatan Barru, Kabupaten Barru [Tesis]. Universitas Gajah Mada; 2003. Akses: 11 Juli 2024. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/
31. Bernabe E, et al. Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. J Dent Res. 2020; 99(4): 362-373. DOI: 10.1177/0022034520908533
32. James SL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1789–1858. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
33. IHME. GBD 2019. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
34. Kemenkes RI. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes, Jakarta. 2019.
35. Kemenkes RI. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes, Jakarta. 2023).
36. Elamin A, Garemo M, Mulder A. Determinants of dental caries in children in the middle east and north africa region: A systematic review based on literature published from 2000 to 2019. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21: 1-30. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01482-7
37. Khan SY, Javed F, Ebadi MH, Schroth RJ. Prevalence and Risk Factors for ECC Among Preschool Children from India along with the Need of its Own CRA Tool- A Systematic Review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022; 12(3): 295–308. DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_56_22
38. Folayan MO, Coelho EMRB, Ayouni I, Nguweneza A, Al-Batayneh OB, Daryanavard H, et al. Association between early childhood caries and parental education and the link to the sustainable development goal 4: a scoping review. BMC oral health. 2024; 24(1): 517. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04291-w
39. Jabbarian R, Ranjbaran M, Mokhlesi A. et al. Iranian early childhood dental caries: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and associated risk factors. Evid Based Dent. 2025; 26: 66. DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-01078-4
40. Sahu P, Agrawal A, Jain D, et al. Association of Early Childhood Caries and Multiple Variable Factors in 3-6-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2023;16(1):42-47. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2515
41. Yao S, Zhu J, Zhang H, Wang H, Da D, Yu J, . . . Zhang Y. Prevalence and risk factors for dental caries among 3-year-old children in Shanghai, China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2025; 25: 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-025-06454-9
42. Orhan AI, Alkan A, Orhan K, Tezel A, Karaoglanoglu S, Oztas D. Dental caries and associated factors among Turkish children and adults: Findings from the 3rd National Oral Health Survey. Commmunity Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2024; 52(4): 499–508.
43. Chou YC, Cheng FS, Weng SH, Tseng CH, Hu HY, Liu CH. Impact of Parental Health Beliefs on Early Childhood Caries: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. Int Dent J. 2025; 75(5): 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2025.100902
44. Peres MA, de Oliverira Lattorre Mdo R, Sheiham A, Peres KG, Barros FC, Hernandez PG et al. Social and biological early life influences on severity of dental caries in children aged 6 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005; 33: 53-63. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00197.x
45. Shearer DM, Thomson WM. Intergenerational continuity in oral health: a review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010; 38(6): 479‐486. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00560.x
46. Shearer DM, Thomson WM, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Broadbent JM, Poulton R. Family history and oral health: findings from the Dunedin Study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012; 40(2): 105‐115. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00641.x
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Published
2025-10-26
How to Cite
BADRUDDIN, Iwany Amaliah et al.
Prediction Model of Pre, Peri-, and Postnatal Factors for Early Childhood Caries in Stunted Children of Juwiring, Central Java, Indonesia.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 78-89, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/1434>. Date accessed: 20 nov. 2025.
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
