Hubungan antara Kebiasaan Merokok dan Kadar Nikotin dengan Laju Aliran dan pH Saliva
Abstract
Introduction: High nicotine levels from smoking can affect salivary composition and function, which in turn can contribute to oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking habits and nicotine levels with salivary flow rate and pH in students of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research design and examined 100 students of the Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University. Saliva collected by the spitting method. Results: The results of research on students of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, show that smoking habits and nicotine levels have a significant on the flow rate and pH of saliva in student smokers. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between smoking habits and nicotine levels in cigarettes, with flow rate and salivary pH in smoking students. The habit of smoking affects the decrease in salivary flow rate and changes in salivary pH, with a moderate to strong strength of relationship.References
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31. Cheng SC, Kwong DL, Ying MT. Assessment of Post Radiotheraphy Salivary Glands. The British Journal of Radiology 2021;84(1):393-402. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/66754762
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2. Rizaty MA, BPS. Badan Pusat Statistik: 2023. http://dataindonesia.id/kesehatan/detail/data-persentase-perokok-di-indonesia 2015-2023.
3. Listyorini PI. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Perilaku Merokok Masyarakat Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Informasi Kesehatan Nasional 2023;4(1):417-425. Doi: https://ojs.udb.ac.id/sikenas/article/view/2959.
4. Khasanah SK, Basuki SPH, Setiyabudi R. Hubungan Derajat Merokok (Indeks Brinkman) dengan Deteksi Dini Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PUMA). Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional 2024;6(2):1.
https://doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v6i2.2223
5. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional. https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514/
6. Nuca CI, Victoria V, Agripina NZ, Arendt CT. Salivary Cotinine, Self- Reported Smoking Status and Heaviness of Smoking Index in Adult from Constanta. OHDM 2021;10(1):22-32. https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open access/salivary-cotinine-selfreported-smoking-status-and-heaviness-of-smoking-index-in-adults-from-constanta-romania-2247-2452-10-433.pdf
7. Kusuma ARP. Pengaruh Merokok terhadap Kesehatan Gigi dan Rongga Mulut. Jurnal Majalah Ilmiah Sultan Agung 2021;59(2):1-8. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/220138-pengaruh-merokok-terhadap-kesehatan-gigi.pdf
8. Dyanasanoor S, Saddu SC. Association of Xerostomia and Assesment of Salivary Flow Using Modified Schirmer Test among Smoker and Healthy Individuals: A preliminutesary Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2020;8(1):211-214. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2014/6650.3846
9. Neal B, Peyton J. Physico-Chemical Aspects of the Processes During the Combustion and Heating of Tobacco under Different Conditions. Berlin: Springers; 2019.p.1-29. 10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27728
10. Herawati MI. The Effect of Nicotine on the Periodontal Tissue. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Diseases 2023;35(6):1295-1302. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v1i3.2199
11. Arslan E, Caypinar B, Sengezer T. Effect of Nicotine on the Submandibular Gland in Rats. Anal Quant Cytopathol Hispathol 2015;37(5):317-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26856117/
12. Janne, Hukkanen PJ, Neal Benowitz. Metabolism and Disposition Kinetics of Nicotine. Clin Pharmacol Ther Rev 2015;57(1):79-115. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.57.1.3
13. Kanwar A, Neeraj G, Sunira C, Rana RS. Long-term Effect of Tobacco on Resting Whole Mouth Salivary Flow Rate and pH: An Institutional-Based Comparative Study. European Journal of General Dentistry 2013;2(3):296-99. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.116017
14. Khan MJ, Ishaq M. Effect Smoking on Salivary Flow Rate. Journal of Medical Sciences 2020;8(2):221-24.
15. Rase AB, Kamalle SS, Ain SS, Sampe S, & Zaini J. Perilaku Merokok Pada Mahasiswa Falkutas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Pertambangan Universitas Papua, Sorong, Papua: eJKI 2021;9(1):50-55. https://doi.org/10.23886/ejki.9.26.50
16. Kurniati A, Udiyono A, Saraswati LT. Gambaran Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Profil Tekanan darah Pada Perokok Laki-Laki Usia 18-22 Tahun 2012, Ambon.Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 2012;1(2): 252-61.
17. Mala S, Navpreet K, Ekta I. Effect of Long-term Smoking on Salivary Flow Rate and Salivary pH. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry 2015;13(1):11-13.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-5932.153549
18. Maryam SK, Fateme. Effect of Long-term Smoking on Whole-mouth SalivaryFlow Rate and Oral Health. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 2020;4(4):110-14. https://doi.org/10.5681/joddd.2010.028
19. Yukiomi K, Kadokura Y, Takuguhi S, Yoshiyuki K. Association between Head and Neck Cancers and Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking. Journal of Sci Res 2022;4(9):619-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2012.49097
20. Robson BAJ, Wolff K. Salivary Nicotine and Cotinine Concentrations in Unstimulated and Stimulated Saliva. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2021;4(2):61-65.
21. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesian Report 2011. Indonesia: WHO-SEARO. 2022: p.14.
22. Mizanur MT, Fadzhillah R, Raili M, Zainab T, Eunice M, Hasienti H. Factors Associated with Tobacco Use Among the Adult Population in Sarawak, Malaysia: a Cross Sectional Study. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health 2024;12(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.2427/10292
23. Sekeronej DP, Saija AF, Kailola NE. Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Tentang Perilaku Merokok Pada Remaja di SMK Negeri 3 Ambon 2019. Jurnal Pattimura Medical Review. 2020;2(1):59-70.https://doi.org/10.30598/pamerivol2issue1page59-70
24. Lolivianda EI, Yuana F. Pengukuran Faktor Emisi Partikel Ultrafine pada Asap Rokok yang beredar
di Indonesia. Physics Student Journal 2023;1(1):116-20.
25. Tirtosastro S. Kandungan Kimia Tembakau dan Rokok. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat dan Minyak Industri 2018;2(1):33-43.
26. Aila H. Mukhtar RR. Asap Rokok sebagai Bahan Pencemar dalam Ruangan. CDK-189 2022;39(1):17-20. https://lib.fkm.ui.ac.id/detail?id=90096&lokasi=lokal
27. Greenberg MG, Jonathan S. Burket's Oral Medicine. 11 ed. Hamilton: Bc Decker Inc:2018: p. 191-92, 366-68.
https://library.uoalfarahidi.edu.iq/Books/7/ORAL%20MEDICINE%20Eleventh%20Edition.pdf
28. Kidd E. Dasar-dasar Karies Penyakit dan Penanggulangannya. 2 ed. Jakarta: EGC; 1992: p. 1-26. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=l5lwlrHtnU4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=id
29. Michael E, Dennis O. Saliva, and Oral Health. 4 ed. Canada: Stephen Hancocks Limited; 2022: p.4-18. https://stage.wrigleyoralcare.com/s3media/2022-02/SHL_S_OH_A5_2015_FINAL.pdf
30. Puy CL. The Role of Saliva in Maintaining Oral Health and As an Aid to Diagnosis. Journal Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Buc 2016;11: E449-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16878065/
31. Cheng SC, Kwong DL, Ying MT. Assessment of Post Radiotheraphy Salivary Glands. The British Journal of Radiology 2021;84(1):393-402. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/66754762
32. Christoper FS, Bui DT. Anatomy, Function, and Evaluation of the Salivary Glands. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2017: p.1-37.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47072-4_1
Published
2025-10-26
How to Cite
NATI, Sun et al.
Hubungan antara Kebiasaan Merokok dan Kadar Nikotin dengan Laju Aliran dan pH Saliva.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 71-77, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/1445>. Date accessed: 30 oct. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v8i2.1445.
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
