Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oil on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola Biofilms
Abstract
Introduction: Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) is known to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine how effectively Matricaria chamomilla essential oil acts against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola biofilms in vitro. Methods: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC-29522 and T. denticola ATCC-35405 were separately cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 37°C for 2 4h in anaerobic conditions. Each bacterial suspension (200 uL, 107 CFU/mL) was cultured in 96-well plates for 48 h to form a biofilm. Thereafter, biofilms were treated with chamomile essential oil at concentrations of 3.12%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% in a time-dependent experiment. Readings were taken at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h. Biofilm mass was evaluated using crystal violet staining (for A. actinomycetemcomitans) and safranin staining (for T. denticola). Biofilms treated with chlorhexidine (0.2%) and untreated biofilms were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the significance level set to p<0.05. Results: Chamomile essential oil significantly reduced the biomass of the biofilms (p<0.05). The most effective chamomile oil concentrations for inhibiting A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola biofilms were 100% and 50%, respectively, with 24 h incubation periods. The results of ANOVA and the post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in biofilm mass for all concentrations of chamomile essential oil compared to the negative control across all incubation times. Conclusion: The data suggest that chamomile essential oil can inhibit the biofilm formation of A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola biofilms. It could, therefore, be useful as an alternative treatment to inhibit the biofilms composes of the bacteria tested in periodontal disease cases. However, continued researches are necessary to further explore the mechanisms of this effect.
References
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Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11:72–80.
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5721–5732.
Chandki R, Banthia P, Banthia R. Biofilms: A microbial home. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15:111–114.
Popova C, Dosseva-Panova V, Panov V. Microbiology of Periodontal Diseases. A Review. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2013;27(3):3754–3759.
Raja M, Ummer F, Dhivakar CP. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans – A Tooth Killer? J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(8):ZE13–ZE16.
Dahlen G, Basic A, Bylund J. Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1339. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091339.
Sela MN. Role of Treponema denticola in Periodontal Diseases. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2001;12(5):399–413.
Lazar V, Ditu L-M, Curutiu C, Gheorghe I, Holban A, Popa M, et al. Impact of Dental Plaque Biofilms in Periodontal Disease: Management and Future Therapy. Periodontitis - A Useful Reference. 2017. doi:10.5772/intechopen.69959.
Kapoor A, Malhotra R, Grover V, Grover D. Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2012;9(5):505–515.
Barca E, Cifcibasi E, Cintan S. Adjunctive use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2015;49(3):55–62.
Palombo EA. Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011.
Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IFF. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S (eds). Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton (FL), 2011
Widyarman AS, Sumadi S, Agustin TP. Antibiofilm Effect of Clitoria ternatea Flower Juice on Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. J Indones Dent Assoc. 2018;1(1):7-12. doi: 10.32793/jida.v1i1.288.
Widyarman AS, Cynthia E, Theodorea CF, Amtha R. Antibiofilm activity of temu kunci (Boesenbergia rotunda), an Indonesian medicinal plant extract, against root canal pathogens. Drug Invent. Today. 2019;12(11):7.
Radita DC, Widyarman AS. Mahkota Dewa (God’s Crown) Fruit Extract Inhibits the Formation of Periodontal Pathogen Biofilms in vitro. J Indones Dent Assoc. 2019;2(2):57–62.
Widyarman AS, Suhalim OP, Nandary D, Theodorea CF. Pomegranate Juice Inhibits Periodontal Pathogens Biofilm in vitro. Sci Dent J. 2018;2(3) 101–108.
World Health Organization. WHO launches the first global strategy on traditional and alternative medicine. [Internet]; World Health Organization; 2002 [updated 2002; cited 2020 Jul 18] Available from: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ releases/release38/en/
Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011;5(9):82–95.
Ranjbar Nedamani E, Sadeghi Mahoonak A, Ghorbani M, Kashaninejad M. Evaluation of antioxidant interactions in combined extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and oak fruit (Quercus branti). J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(7):4565–4571.
Manian R, Anusuya N, Siddhuraju P, Manian S. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of two different solvent extracts of Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz, Ficus Bengalensis L. and Ficus Racemosa L. Food Chem. 2008;107(3): 1000–1007.
Saderi H, Owlia P, Hosseini A, Semiyari H. Antimicrobial Effects of Chamomile Extract and Essential Oil on Clinically Isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis from Periodontitis. Acta Hort. 2004;6:145-146. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.680.21.
Hans VM. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Essential Oils at Varying Concentrations against Periopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin 2016;10(9):ZC16-ZC19.
Chung K-H, Yang K-S, Kim J, Kim J-C, Lee K-Y. Antibacterial activity of essential oils on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and measurement of their binding interaction using optical biosensor. J Microbiol Biotechnol . 2007;17(11):1848–1855.
Swamy MK, Akhtar MS, Sinniah UR. Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2016; e3012462.
Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants. Front Microbiol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00911.
Capriotti K, Capriotti JA. Dimethyl Sulfoxide. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5:24–26.
Liu Q, Huang H, Chen H, Lin J, Wang Q. Food-Grade Nanoemulsions: Preparation, Stability and Application in Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds. Mol. 2019;24(23):4242 doi: 10.3390/molecules24234242.
Bilenler T, Gokbulut I, Sislioglu K, Karabulut I. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oil encapsulated in zein particles. Flavour Fragr J. 2015;30:392–398.
Berger D, Rakhamimova A, Pollack A, Loewy Z. Oral Biofilms: Development, Control, and Analysis. High Throughput. 2018;7(3):24.
Das S, Horváth B, Šafranko S, Jokić S, Széchenyi A, Kőszegi T. Antimicrobial Activity of Chamomile Essential Oil: Effect of Different Formulations. Mol. 2019;24. doi:10.3390/molecules24234321.
Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019; 8. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6.
Published
2020-10-30
How to Cite
NURRAHMAN, Hana Fauziyah; WIDYARMAN, Armelia Sari.
Effectiveness of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oil on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola Biofilms.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 77-82, oct. 2020.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/563>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v3i2.563.
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
