The Level of Saliva Glutathione in Moderate Gingivitis Patients Increases After Gargling with 5% Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) Extract
Abstract
Introduction: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums caused by bacterial plaque accumulation producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reactive oxygen species is a harmful by-products from aerobic metabolisms of mitochondria, that when accumulated can cause large variety of diseases. Antioxidants can counter ROS activities. Oxidative stress may occur due to an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that protects cells against oxidative damage. Cosmos caudatus is rich in antioxidants due to its flavonoid and phenolic contents. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the concentration of saliva GSH in moderate gingivitis patients after gargling with a solution containing 5% Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) extract. Methods: Twenty subjects with moderate gingivitis were divided into two groups—the treatment and control group—by drawing lots in a randomized controlled trial. The treatment group gargled with 5% Cosmos extract whereas the control group gargled with Chlorhexidine 0.1%. Each subject was required to gargle for 60 seconds every morning and night, for five days consecutively. The GSH level was measured before and after gargling on the sixth day after treatment using a spectrophotometer with wavelength of 412 nm. Data was analyzed using an independent T-Test (p <0.05). Results: The study showed there was significant difference between the saliva GSH level of each group before and after gargling; moreover, after gargling with the solutions, no significant difference of saliva GSH was found when compared between the treatment group and the control group. Conclusion: The level of saliva GSH increases after gargling using 5% Cosmos extract and has the same effect with Chlorhexidine 0.1%.
References
Rateitschak KH, Wolf HF, eds. Colour atlas of dental hygiene-periodontology. 3rd Ed. New York: Thieme Stuttgart; 2006. p. 8.
Wei PF, Ho KY, Ho YP, Wu YM, Yang YH, Tsai CC. The investigation of glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and interleukin-1β in gingival crevicular fluid:implication of oxidative stress in human periodontal diseases. J Periodont Res. 2004;39:287-93.
Phuong NTM, Nghia PT, Marquis RE. Zinc effect on oxidative physiology of oral bacteria. Adv Nat Sci. 2006;7(12):131-38.
Beeh KM, Beir J, Haas IC, Kornmann O, Micke P, Buhl R, Glutathione deficiency of the lower respiratory tract in patients with idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:1119-123.
Arana C, Cutando A, Ferrera MJ, Gomez MG, Worf CV, Bolanos MJ, et al. Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients. J Path Med. 2006;35(9):554-59.
Maximilian. Pasar Tumbuhan Obat: Agrofarmasi (Bagian 2) [Internet]. 2009 [Cited: September 11, 2015]. Available from: https://bisnisfarmasi. wordpress.com/2007/02/19/pasar-biofarmaka-wow-bagian-2/
Ajaykumar TV, Anandarajagopal K, Sunilson AJ, Arshad A, Jainaf RAM, Venkateshan. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cosmos caudatus. Int J Univers Pharm Bio Sci. 2012;1(2):40-48.
Mohamed N, Yin CM, Shuid AN, Muhammad N, Babji AS, Soleiman IN. The effects of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) supplementation on bone biochemical parameters in ovariectomized rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013;26(5):1027-31.
Abas F, Khozirah S, Lajis NH, Israf DA, Kalsom U. Antioxidative and radical scavenging properties of the constituents isolated from Cosmos caudatus Kunth, Natur Prod Sci. 2003;9:245-48.
Mustafa RA, Abdul HA, Mohamed S, Bakar FA. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. J Food Sci. 2010;75(1):28-35.
Radman HM, Yusof K, Saad QHJM, Abdullah A, Ngah WZW. The effect of Ulam Raja (Cosmos caudatus) on drug-metabolising enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in mice liver. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2014;6(4):1213-25.
Shui GH, Leong LP, Wong SP. Rapid screening and characterisation of antioxidants of Cosmos caudatus using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatograph. 2005;827:127-38.
Rasdi NHM, Samah OA, Sule A, Ahmed QU. Antimicrobial studies of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(8):669-73.
Mediani A, Abas F, Khatib A, Tan CP. Cosmos caudatus as a potential source of polyphenolic compounds: optimisation of oven drying conditions and characterisation of its functional properties. Molecules. 2013;18(9):10452-64.
Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-51.
Kamodyová N, Baňasová L, Janšáková K, et al. Blood Contamination in Saliva: Impact on the Measurement of Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:479251.
Oxford Biomedical Research [Internet]. 2007 [Cited: October 19, 2017]. Available from: https://www.oxfordbiomed.com/sites/default/files/spec_sheet/GT20.pdf
Ozturk LK, Furuncuoglu H, Ulukoylu O, Akyuz S, Yarat A. Association between dental-oral health in young adults and salivary glutathione, lipid peroxidation and sialic acid levels and carbonic anhydrase activity. Braz J Med Bio Res. 2008;41(11): 956-59.
Reihani SFS, Azhar ME. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in aqueous extracts of selected traditional malay salads (ulam). Int Food Res J. 2012;19(4):1439-44.
Wojdylo A, Oszmian’ski J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem. 2007;105:940-49.
Yoo KM, Lee CH, Lee H, Moon BK, Lee CY. Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Food Chem. 2007;106:929-36.
Nashiela DF, Noriham A, Noraain H, Azizah AH. antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus leaves at different maturity stages. Int Food Res J. 2015;19(2):527-39.
Sukrasno S, Fidriany I, Anggadiredja K, Handayani WA, Anam K. Influence of drying method in flavonoid content of Cosmos caudatus Kunth leaves. Res J Med Plant. 2011;5(2):189-95.
Watson RR, Preedy VR. Bioactive food as dietary interventions for the aging population. Cambridge: Elsevier; 2013. pp. 249-254.
Durgo K, Vukovi L, Rusak G, Osmak M. Efeects of flavonoids on glutatione level, lipid peroxidation and cytochrome p450 cyp1a1 expression in human laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2007;45(1):69-79.
Asif M, Khodadi E. Medical uses and chemistry of flavonoid contents of some common edible tropical plants. J Paramed Sci. 2013;4(3):2008-4978.
Porth CM, Gaspard KJ, Noble KA. Essentials of pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states. Philadelphia: Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2011. pp. 486-510.
Ahmad P, Wani MR. Physiological mechanisms and adaptive strategies in plants under changing environment volume 1. New York: Springer; 2014. pp. 25-56.
Meckling KA. Nutrient-drug interactions. Florida: CRC; 2006. p.126.
Chen CH. Activation and detoxifying enzymes: functions and implications. New York: Springer; 2012. pp. 25-48.
Bansal M, Kaushal N. Oxidative stress mechanism and their modulation. New Delhi: Springer; 2014. pp.127-140.
Watson RR, Preedy VR, Zibadi S. Polyphenols in human health and disease volume 1. New York: Elsevier Inc; 2014. pp. 163-175.
Lee TK, Vairappan CS. Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of selected South East Asian herbs. J Med Plant Res. 2011;5(21):5284-90.
Nazihah MS, Sariah M, Intan SI. Antifungal activity of Cosmos caudatus extract against seven economically important plant pathogens. Int J Agric Biol. 2013;1:1200-1300.
Yusoff NAH, Noor NF, Rukayadi Y. Effects of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Ulam Raja) extract on microflora in raw chicken meat. Int J Curr Microbial App Sci. 2015;4(2):426-35.
Neto CAF, Parol CCF, Rosing CK, Maltz M. Comparative analysis of the effect of two chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22(2):139-44.
Türkoğlu O, Becerik S, Emingil G, Kütükçüler N, Baylas H, Atilla G. The effect of adjunctive chlorhexidine mouthrinse on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels in untreated plaque-associated gingivitis. Inflamm Res. 2009;58(5):277-83.
Kaur P, Singh H, Khatri A, Aulakh KS. Evaluation and comparison of short term side effects of 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res. 2015;3(3):26.
Haffajee AD, Yaskell T, Socransky SS. Antimicrobial effectiveness of an herbal mouthrinse compared with an essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinse. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(5):606-11.
Gupta R, Chandavarkar V, Galgali SR, Mishra M. Chlorhexidine, a medicine for all the oral disease. Glob J Med Pub Health. 2012;1(2):43-48.
Wei PF, Ho KY, Ho YP, Wu YM, Yang YH, Tsai CC. The investigation of glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and interleukin-1β in gingival crevicular fluid:implication of oxidative stress in human periodontal diseases. J Periodont Res. 2004;39:287-93.
Phuong NTM, Nghia PT, Marquis RE. Zinc effect on oxidative physiology of oral bacteria. Adv Nat Sci. 2006;7(12):131-38.
Beeh KM, Beir J, Haas IC, Kornmann O, Micke P, Buhl R, Glutathione deficiency of the lower respiratory tract in patients with idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:1119-123.
Arana C, Cutando A, Ferrera MJ, Gomez MG, Worf CV, Bolanos MJ, et al. Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients. J Path Med. 2006;35(9):554-59.
Maximilian. Pasar Tumbuhan Obat: Agrofarmasi (Bagian 2) [Internet]. 2009 [Cited: September 11, 2015]. Available from: https://bisnisfarmasi. wordpress.com/2007/02/19/pasar-biofarmaka-wow-bagian-2/
Ajaykumar TV, Anandarajagopal K, Sunilson AJ, Arshad A, Jainaf RAM, Venkateshan. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cosmos caudatus. Int J Univers Pharm Bio Sci. 2012;1(2):40-48.
Mohamed N, Yin CM, Shuid AN, Muhammad N, Babji AS, Soleiman IN. The effects of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) supplementation on bone biochemical parameters in ovariectomized rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013;26(5):1027-31.
Abas F, Khozirah S, Lajis NH, Israf DA, Kalsom U. Antioxidative and radical scavenging properties of the constituents isolated from Cosmos caudatus Kunth, Natur Prod Sci. 2003;9:245-48.
Mustafa RA, Abdul HA, Mohamed S, Bakar FA. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. J Food Sci. 2010;75(1):28-35.
Radman HM, Yusof K, Saad QHJM, Abdullah A, Ngah WZW. The effect of Ulam Raja (Cosmos caudatus) on drug-metabolising enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in mice liver. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2014;6(4):1213-25.
Shui GH, Leong LP, Wong SP. Rapid screening and characterisation of antioxidants of Cosmos caudatus using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatograph. 2005;827:127-38.
Rasdi NHM, Samah OA, Sule A, Ahmed QU. Antimicrobial studies of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(8):669-73.
Mediani A, Abas F, Khatib A, Tan CP. Cosmos caudatus as a potential source of polyphenolic compounds: optimisation of oven drying conditions and characterisation of its functional properties. Molecules. 2013;18(9):10452-64.
Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-51.
Kamodyová N, Baňasová L, Janšáková K, et al. Blood Contamination in Saliva: Impact on the Measurement of Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers. Dis Markers. 2015;2015:479251.
Oxford Biomedical Research [Internet]. 2007 [Cited: October 19, 2017]. Available from: https://www.oxfordbiomed.com/sites/default/files/spec_sheet/GT20.pdf
Ozturk LK, Furuncuoglu H, Ulukoylu O, Akyuz S, Yarat A. Association between dental-oral health in young adults and salivary glutathione, lipid peroxidation and sialic acid levels and carbonic anhydrase activity. Braz J Med Bio Res. 2008;41(11): 956-59.
Reihani SFS, Azhar ME. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in aqueous extracts of selected traditional malay salads (ulam). Int Food Res J. 2012;19(4):1439-44.
Wojdylo A, Oszmian’ski J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chem. 2007;105:940-49.
Yoo KM, Lee CH, Lee H, Moon BK, Lee CY. Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Food Chem. 2007;106:929-36.
Nashiela DF, Noriham A, Noraain H, Azizah AH. antioxidant activity of herbal tea prepared from Cosmos caudatus leaves at different maturity stages. Int Food Res J. 2015;19(2):527-39.
Sukrasno S, Fidriany I, Anggadiredja K, Handayani WA, Anam K. Influence of drying method in flavonoid content of Cosmos caudatus Kunth leaves. Res J Med Plant. 2011;5(2):189-95.
Watson RR, Preedy VR. Bioactive food as dietary interventions for the aging population. Cambridge: Elsevier; 2013. pp. 249-254.
Durgo K, Vukovi L, Rusak G, Osmak M. Efeects of flavonoids on glutatione level, lipid peroxidation and cytochrome p450 cyp1a1 expression in human laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2007;45(1):69-79.
Asif M, Khodadi E. Medical uses and chemistry of flavonoid contents of some common edible tropical plants. J Paramed Sci. 2013;4(3):2008-4978.
Porth CM, Gaspard KJ, Noble KA. Essentials of pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states. Philadelphia: Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2011. pp. 486-510.
Ahmad P, Wani MR. Physiological mechanisms and adaptive strategies in plants under changing environment volume 1. New York: Springer; 2014. pp. 25-56.
Meckling KA. Nutrient-drug interactions. Florida: CRC; 2006. p.126.
Chen CH. Activation and detoxifying enzymes: functions and implications. New York: Springer; 2012. pp. 25-48.
Bansal M, Kaushal N. Oxidative stress mechanism and their modulation. New Delhi: Springer; 2014. pp.127-140.
Watson RR, Preedy VR, Zibadi S. Polyphenols in human health and disease volume 1. New York: Elsevier Inc; 2014. pp. 163-175.
Lee TK, Vairappan CS. Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of selected South East Asian herbs. J Med Plant Res. 2011;5(21):5284-90.
Nazihah MS, Sariah M, Intan SI. Antifungal activity of Cosmos caudatus extract against seven economically important plant pathogens. Int J Agric Biol. 2013;1:1200-1300.
Yusoff NAH, Noor NF, Rukayadi Y. Effects of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Ulam Raja) extract on microflora in raw chicken meat. Int J Curr Microbial App Sci. 2015;4(2):426-35.
Neto CAF, Parol CCF, Rosing CK, Maltz M. Comparative analysis of the effect of two chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22(2):139-44.
Türkoğlu O, Becerik S, Emingil G, Kütükçüler N, Baylas H, Atilla G. The effect of adjunctive chlorhexidine mouthrinse on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine levels in untreated plaque-associated gingivitis. Inflamm Res. 2009;58(5):277-83.
Kaur P, Singh H, Khatri A, Aulakh KS. Evaluation and comparison of short term side effects of 0.2% and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. J Adv Med Dent Sci Res. 2015;3(3):26.
Haffajee AD, Yaskell T, Socransky SS. Antimicrobial effectiveness of an herbal mouthrinse compared with an essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinse. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(5):606-11.
Gupta R, Chandavarkar V, Galgali SR, Mishra M. Chlorhexidine, a medicine for all the oral disease. Glob J Med Pub Health. 2012;1(2):43-48.
Published
2021-10-31
How to Cite
SINGH, Malreen Kaur Harban; TANDELILIN, Regina Titi Christinawati; HANDAJANI, Juni.
The Level of Saliva Glutathione in Moderate Gingivitis Patients Increases After Gargling with 5% Cosmos (Cosmos caudatus) Extract.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 69-76, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/636>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v4i2.636.
Section
Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
