Intra- and Extraoral Signs of Probable Bruxism (Scoping Review)
Abstract
Bruxism is a repetitive masticatory muscle activity that has received attention in dental literature for its association with dental restoration failures, orofacial pain, neurological disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. As a determining factor in the diagnosis, parameters regarding the type and classification of intraoral and extraoral signs of probable bruxism are needed. This study aimed to identify the intraoral and extraoral signs of bruxism in the literature. A literature search was performed in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) to identify all the articles published assessing intra and extraoral signs of bruxism. The selected articles were then screened and structurally read by three persons and summarized in PICO tables. Out of 551 initially retrieved references, 39 articles met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the scoping review. The studies were divided into six categories based on the type of oral signs: buccal mucosa ridge (n=4), masseter hypertrophy (n=3), tongue indentation (n=4), tooth fracture (n=5), torus mandibularis (n=3), and tooth wear (n=20). This study concluded that the available studies utilize various methods in subjective and clinical data collection. Buccal mucosa ridge, tongue indentation, and torus mandibularis were common in subjects with bruxism. The association of masseter hypertrophy and tooth fracture with bruxism is not conclusive. Although studies on tooth wear in bruxism subjects are the most prevalent among other oral signs, no study has been able to establish a direct link between bruxism and tooth wear.
References
Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, Wetselaar P, Glaros AG, Kato T, et al. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45(11):837–44.
van Selms MKA, Marpaung C, Pogosian A, Lobbezoo F. Geographical variation of parental-reported sleep bruxism among children: comparison between the Netherlands, Armenia and Indonesia. Int Dent J. 2019;69(3):237-243.
Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F. Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism. J Orofac Pain. 2009;23(2):153-66.
Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil. 2008 Jul;35(7):476-94.
Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, et al. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(1):2–4.
Palinkas M, De Luca Canto G, Rodrigues LAM, Bataglion C, Siéssere S, Semprini M, et al. Comparative capabilities of clinical assessment, diagnostic criteria, and polysomnography in detecting sleep bruxism. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(11):1319–25.
Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Aarab G, Bracci A, Durham J, Ettlin D, et al. Towards a Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) -Overview and general remarks of a multidimensional bruxism evaluation system. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(5):549–56.
Gould MSE, Picton DCA. A study of pressures exerted by the lips and cheeks on the teeth of subjects with Angle’s Class II Division 1, Class II Division 2 and Class III malocclusions compared with those of subjects with normal occlusions. Arch Oral Biol. 1968;13(5):527–41.
Thüer U, Sieber R, Ingervall B. Cheek and tongue pressures in the molar areas and the atmospheric pressure in the palatal vault in young adults. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21(3):299–309.
Gray RJ, Davies SJ, Quayle AA. A clinical approach to temporomandibular disorders. 1. Classification and functional anatomy. Br Dent J. 1994;176(11):429–35.
Kampe T, Tagdae T, Bader G, Edman G, Karlsson S. Reported symptoms and clinical findings in a group of subjects with longstanding bruxing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(8):581–7.
Long JHJ. A device to prevent jaw clenching. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79(3):353–4.
Salgueiro M da CC, Kobayashi FY, Motta LJ, Gonçalves MLL, Horliana ACRT, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, et al. Effect of photobiomodulation on salivary cortisol, masticatory muscle strength, and clinical signs in children with sleep bruxism: A randomized controlled trial. Photobiomodulation Photomed. Laser Surg. 2021;39(1):23–9.
Takagi I, Sakurai K. Investigation of the factors related to the formation of the buccal mucosa ridging. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(6):565–72.
Morita K, Tsuka H, Kuremoto K-I, Kimura H, Kawano H, Yokoi M, et al. Association between buccal mucosa ridging and oral feature/symptom and its effects on occlusal function among dentate young adults in a cross-sectional study of Japan. Cranio J Craniomandibular Pract. 2021;39(1):24–8.
Mizutani S, Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Azuma T, Irie K, Machida T, et al. Factors related to the formation of buccal mucosa ridging in university students. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;72(1):58–63.
Jankovic J, Orman J. Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1987;37(4):616–23.
Kobs G, Bernhardt O, Kocher T, Meyer G. Oral parafunctions and positive clinical examination findings. Stomatologija. 2005;7(3):81–3.
Drumond CL, Paiva SM, Vieira-Andrade RG, Ramos-Jorge J, Ramos-Jorge ML, Provini F, et al. Do family functioning and mothers’ and children’s stress increase the odds of probable sleep bruxism among schoolchildren? A case control study. Clin Oral investig. 2020;24(2):1025–33.
Yanagisawa K, Takagi I, Sakurai K. Influence of tongue pressure and width on tongue indentation formation. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(11):827–34.
Meirelles L, Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia R. Influence of bruxism and splint therapy on tongue pressure against teeth. Cranio: J Craniomandibular Pract. 2016;34(2):100–4.
Vinod KV, Reddy P, Pillai VM. Scalloped tongue: A rare finding in nocturnal bruxism. Natl Med J India. 2017;30(5):296.
Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Ferrucci L, Costa PTJ. Teeth grinding: is emotional stability related to bruxism? J Res Personal. 2010;44(3):402–5.
Cohen S, Blanco L, Berman L. Vertical root fractures: clinical and radiographic diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2003;134(4):434–41.
Cohen S, Berman LH, Blanco L, Bakland L, Kim JS. A demographic analysis of vertical root fractures. J Endodontics. 2006;32(12):1160–3.
Bader JD, Shugars DA, Martin JA. Risk indicators for posterior tooth fracture. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2004;135(7):883–92.
Yoshinaka M, Ikebe K, Furuya-Yoshinaka M, Maeda Y. Prevalence of torus mandibularis among a group of elderly Japanese and its relationship with occlusal force. Gerodontology. 2014;31(2):117–22.
Kerdpon D, Sirirungrojying S. A clinical study of oral tori in southern Thailand: prevalence and the relation to parafunctional activity. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107(1):9–13.
De Luca Canto G, Torres de Freitas S, Schuldt Filho G, de Sousa Vieira R. Association between mandibular torus and parafunctional activity. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2013;6(2):43–9.
Bertazzo-Silveira E, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Porporatti AL, Dick B, Flores-Mir C, Manfredini D, et al. Association between signs and symptoms of bruxism and presence of tori: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(9):2789–99.
Jonsgar C, Hordvik P-A, Berge ME, Johansson A-K, Svensson P, Johansson A. Sleep bruxism in individuals with and without attrition-type tooth wear: An exploratory matched case-control electromyographic study. J Dent. 2015;43(12):1504–10.
Manfredini D, Lombardo L, Visentin A, Arreghini A, Siciliani G. Correlation between sleep-time masseter muscle activity and tooth wear: An electromyographic study. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2019;33(2):199–204.
Kapagiannidou D, Koutris M, Wetselaar P, Visscher CM, van der Zaag J, Lobbezoo F. Association between polysomnographic parameters of sleep bruxism and attrition-type tooth wear. J Oral Rehabil. 2021;48(6):687–91.
Jain V, Mathur VP, Kumar A. A preliminary study to find a possible association between occlusal wear and maximum bite force in humans. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(1):96–101
van Selms MKA, Marpaung C, Pogosian A, Lobbezoo F. Geographical variation of parental-reported sleep bruxism among children: comparison between the Netherlands, Armenia and Indonesia. Int Dent J. 2019;69(3):237-243.
Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F. Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism. J Orofac Pain. 2009;23(2):153-66.
Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil. 2008 Jul;35(7):476-94.
Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Glaros AG, Kato T, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, et al. Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus. J Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(1):2–4.
Palinkas M, De Luca Canto G, Rodrigues LAM, Bataglion C, Siéssere S, Semprini M, et al. Comparative capabilities of clinical assessment, diagnostic criteria, and polysomnography in detecting sleep bruxism. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(11):1319–25.
Manfredini D, Ahlberg J, Aarab G, Bracci A, Durham J, Ettlin D, et al. Towards a Standardized Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) -Overview and general remarks of a multidimensional bruxism evaluation system. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(5):549–56.
Gould MSE, Picton DCA. A study of pressures exerted by the lips and cheeks on the teeth of subjects with Angle’s Class II Division 1, Class II Division 2 and Class III malocclusions compared with those of subjects with normal occlusions. Arch Oral Biol. 1968;13(5):527–41.
Thüer U, Sieber R, Ingervall B. Cheek and tongue pressures in the molar areas and the atmospheric pressure in the palatal vault in young adults. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21(3):299–309.
Gray RJ, Davies SJ, Quayle AA. A clinical approach to temporomandibular disorders. 1. Classification and functional anatomy. Br Dent J. 1994;176(11):429–35.
Kampe T, Tagdae T, Bader G, Edman G, Karlsson S. Reported symptoms and clinical findings in a group of subjects with longstanding bruxing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(8):581–7.
Long JHJ. A device to prevent jaw clenching. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;79(3):353–4.
Salgueiro M da CC, Kobayashi FY, Motta LJ, Gonçalves MLL, Horliana ACRT, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, et al. Effect of photobiomodulation on salivary cortisol, masticatory muscle strength, and clinical signs in children with sleep bruxism: A randomized controlled trial. Photobiomodulation Photomed. Laser Surg. 2021;39(1):23–9.
Takagi I, Sakurai K. Investigation of the factors related to the formation of the buccal mucosa ridging. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(6):565–72.
Morita K, Tsuka H, Kuremoto K-I, Kimura H, Kawano H, Yokoi M, et al. Association between buccal mucosa ridging and oral feature/symptom and its effects on occlusal function among dentate young adults in a cross-sectional study of Japan. Cranio J Craniomandibular Pract. 2021;39(1):24–8.
Mizutani S, Ekuni D, Tomofuji T, Azuma T, Irie K, Machida T, et al. Factors related to the formation of buccal mucosa ridging in university students. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014;72(1):58–63.
Jankovic J, Orman J. Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1987;37(4):616–23.
Kobs G, Bernhardt O, Kocher T, Meyer G. Oral parafunctions and positive clinical examination findings. Stomatologija. 2005;7(3):81–3.
Drumond CL, Paiva SM, Vieira-Andrade RG, Ramos-Jorge J, Ramos-Jorge ML, Provini F, et al. Do family functioning and mothers’ and children’s stress increase the odds of probable sleep bruxism among schoolchildren? A case control study. Clin Oral investig. 2020;24(2):1025–33.
Yanagisawa K, Takagi I, Sakurai K. Influence of tongue pressure and width on tongue indentation formation. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34(11):827–34.
Meirelles L, Cunha Matheus Rodrigues Garcia R. Influence of bruxism and splint therapy on tongue pressure against teeth. Cranio: J Craniomandibular Pract. 2016;34(2):100–4.
Vinod KV, Reddy P, Pillai VM. Scalloped tongue: A rare finding in nocturnal bruxism. Natl Med J India. 2017;30(5):296.
Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Ferrucci L, Costa PTJ. Teeth grinding: is emotional stability related to bruxism? J Res Personal. 2010;44(3):402–5.
Cohen S, Blanco L, Berman L. Vertical root fractures: clinical and radiographic diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2003;134(4):434–41.
Cohen S, Berman LH, Blanco L, Bakland L, Kim JS. A demographic analysis of vertical root fractures. J Endodontics. 2006;32(12):1160–3.
Bader JD, Shugars DA, Martin JA. Risk indicators for posterior tooth fracture. J Am Dent Assoc (1939). 2004;135(7):883–92.
Yoshinaka M, Ikebe K, Furuya-Yoshinaka M, Maeda Y. Prevalence of torus mandibularis among a group of elderly Japanese and its relationship with occlusal force. Gerodontology. 2014;31(2):117–22.
Kerdpon D, Sirirungrojying S. A clinical study of oral tori in southern Thailand: prevalence and the relation to parafunctional activity. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107(1):9–13.
De Luca Canto G, Torres de Freitas S, Schuldt Filho G, de Sousa Vieira R. Association between mandibular torus and parafunctional activity. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2013;6(2):43–9.
Bertazzo-Silveira E, Stuginski-Barbosa J, Porporatti AL, Dick B, Flores-Mir C, Manfredini D, et al. Association between signs and symptoms of bruxism and presence of tori: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(9):2789–99.
Jonsgar C, Hordvik P-A, Berge ME, Johansson A-K, Svensson P, Johansson A. Sleep bruxism in individuals with and without attrition-type tooth wear: An exploratory matched case-control electromyographic study. J Dent. 2015;43(12):1504–10.
Manfredini D, Lombardo L, Visentin A, Arreghini A, Siciliani G. Correlation between sleep-time masseter muscle activity and tooth wear: An electromyographic study. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2019;33(2):199–204.
Kapagiannidou D, Koutris M, Wetselaar P, Visscher CM, van der Zaag J, Lobbezoo F. Association between polysomnographic parameters of sleep bruxism and attrition-type tooth wear. J Oral Rehabil. 2021;48(6):687–91.
Jain V, Mathur VP, Kumar A. A preliminary study to find a possible association between occlusal wear and maximum bite force in humans. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(1):96–101
Published
2022-05-17
How to Cite
MARPAUNG, Carolina; KUSNADI, Yoseph; PRAGUSTINE, Yenny.
Intra- and Extraoral Signs of Probable Bruxism (Scoping Review).
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 49-56, may 2022.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/721>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v5i1.721.
Issue
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
