Dental Materials and Bisphenol-A Exposures
Abstract
The utility of dental materials to posing oral diseases have impact in the risk of Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure which can be harmful to human organs. BPA used in dentistry is related to the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. For instance, composite filling materials and dental sealant are containing BPA that can promote risk to endocrine-disrupting, estrogenic effect, and renal exposure. The current study is reviewing the BPA exposures of dental materials and it impact risk to the systemic health. This systematic review critically evaluates, and the information gathered form several literatures. The source of these articles was Pub Med and Web of Science, search done with the following terms: BPA of dental materials, BPA exposure, BPA and health risks, BPA, and oral health. BPA exposure found in oral mucosa and saliva after the application of BPA-containing dental materials. BPA derivatives used in dental products have not been evaluated for the endocrine disruptor, estrogenicity. BPA exposures can be absorbed through the oral mucosa and may lead to internal exposures the absorption of BPA from the gastrointestinal tract. Manufacturers should be required to report complete information on the chemical composition of dental materials and strict precaution application techniques must be considered by the practitioner.
References
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Chouhan S, Yadav SK, Prakash J, Singh SP. Effect of Bisphenol A on human health and its degradation by microorganisms: a review. Ann Microbiol 2014;64(1):13-21.
Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology 2007;24(2):139-77.
Trachtenberg FL, Shrader P, Barregard L, Maserejian NN. Dental composite materials and renal function in children. British Dent J 2014;216(2):E4.
Melzer D, Rice NE, Lewis C, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PloS one 2010;5(1):e8673.
Shankar A, Teppala S. Urinary bisphenol A and hypertension in a multiethnic sample of US adults. J Environ Public Health 2012;2012.
Aekplakorn W, Chailurkit LO, Ongphiphadhanakul B. Association of serum bisphenol A with hypertension in Thai population. Int J Hypertens 2015;2015.
Edy S, Samad R. Prevention of dentists in Makassar to the risk of amalgam. J Dentomaxillofac Sci 2012;11(2):79-83.
den Braver-Sewradj SP, van Spronsen R, Hessel EV. Substitution of bisphenol A: a review of the carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption potential of alternative substances. Critical reviews in toxicology. 2020;50(2):128-47.
Usman A, Ikhlas S, Ahmad M. Occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disrupting potential of Bisphenol-B and Bisphenol-F: A mini-review. Toxicol Lett. 2019;312:222-7.
Yin L, Yu K, Lin S, Song X, Yu X. Associations of blood mercury, inorganic mercury, methyl mercury and bisphenol A with dental surface restorations in the US population, NHANES 2003–2004 and 2010–2012. Ecotoxicol.Environ Saf. 2016;134:213-25.
Bationo R, Jordana F, Boileau MJ, Colat-Parros J. Release of monomers from orthodontic adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150(3):491-8.
Jun SK, Cha JR, Knowles JC, Kim HW, Lee JH, Lee HH. Development of Bis-GMA-free biopolymer to avoid estrogenicity. Dent Mater J. 2020;36(1):157-66.
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Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2017. Available at: https://sd.sinclairdental.com/sdmedia/msds/376ck06.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
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Material Safety Data Sheets. Pulpdent Corporation; 2021. Available at: https://www.pulpdent.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GHS-SDS-Seal-Rite.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/optiguard-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ivoclar; 2020. Available at: https://www.ivoclar.com/medias/Helioseal-F-SDS-au.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xM829oYtx4v70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xM8mGNYtxMv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xlYtvMYtBOv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xMxmSoYtSPv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xm82Bm8_ZPv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Pty Ltd; 2018. Available at: https://www.dentsplysirona.com/content/dam/Dentsply-Sirona-Flagship/australia/sds/TPHSpectra43-7656-Apr16.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Pty Ltd; 2019. Available at: https://chemmanagement.ehs.com/9/60BBBCFA-FE39-4844-A79D-86123E2EAD1B/pdf/VBG923. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/premise-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/herculite-xrv-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2019. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=143-001-04-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2019. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=67-001-08-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Doerge DR, Twaddle NC, Vanlandingham M, Fisher JW. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;247(2):158-65.
Matthews JB, Twomey K, Zacharewski TR. In vitro and in vivo interactions of bisphenol A and its metabolite, bisphenol A glucuronide, with estrogen receptors α and β. Chem Res Toxicol 2001;14(2):149-57.
Völkel W, Bittner N, Dekant W. Quantitation of bisphenol A and bisphenol A glucuronide in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2005;33(11):1748-57.
Flint S, Markle T, Thompson S, Wallace E. Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: a wildlife perspective. J Environ Manage 2012;104:19-34.
Chapin RE, Adams J, Boekelheide K, Gray Jr LE. Hayward SW, Lees PS, McIntyre BS, Portier KM, Schnorr TM, Selevan SG, Vandenbergh JG, Woskie SR. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A. Birth Defects Res. B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008;83(3):157-395.
Roy JR, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty TR. Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting puberty in humans--a review. Med Sci Monit 2009;15(6):RA137-45.
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009;30(4):293-342.
Song KH, Lee K, Choi HS. Endocrine disrupter bisphenol an induces orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 gene expression and steroidogenesis in mouse testicular Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2002;143(6):2208-15.
Walsh DE, Dockery P, Doolan CM. Estrogen receptor independent rapid non-genomic effects of environmental estrogens on [Ca2+] i in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;230(1-2):23-30.
Sakurai K, Kawazuma M, Adachi T, Harigaya T, Saito Y, Hashimoto N, Mori C. Bisphenol A affects glucose transport in mouse 3T3‐F442A adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004;141(2):209-14.
Nadal A, Ropero AB, Laribi O, Maillet M, Fuentes E, Soria B. Nongenomic actions of estrogens and xenoestrogens by binding at a plasma membrane receptor unrelated to estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000;97(21):11603-8.
Quesada I, Fuentes E, Viso-León MC, Soria B, Ripoll C, Nadal A. Low doses of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A and the native hormone 17β-estradiol rapidly activate transcription factor CREB. FASEB J 2002;16(12):1671-3.
Shelby MD. NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of bisphenol A. Ntp cerhr mon 2008;22:v-ii.
De Nys S, Duca RC, Vervliet P, Covaci A, Boonen I, Elskens M, Vanoirbeek J, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Bisphenol A as degradation product of monomers used in resin-based dental materials. Dent Mater J. 2021;37(6):1020-9.
Lopes‐Rocha L, Ribeiro‐Gonçalves L, Henriques B, Özcan M, Tiritan ME, Souza JC. An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2021;109(11):1942-52.
Jo ED, Lee SB, Kang CM, Kim KM, Kwon JS. Release of bisphenol a from pit and fissure sealants according to different pH conditions. Polymers. 2021;14(1):37.
Löfroth M, Ghasemimehr M, Falk A, von Steyern PV. Bisphenol A in dental materials–existence, leakage and biological effects. Heliyon. 2019;5(5):e01711
Joskow R, Barr DB, Barr JR, Calafat AM, Needham LL, Rubin C. Exposure to bisphenol A from bis-glycidyl dimethacrylate–based dental sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(3):353-62.
Berge TL, Lygre GB, Lie SA, Lindh CH, Björkman L. Bisphenol A in human saliva and urine before and after treatment with dental polymer‐based restorative materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2019;127(5):435-44.
De Nys S, Putzeys E, Duca RC, Vervliet P, Covaci A, Boonen I, Elskens M, Vanoirbeek J, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Long-term elution of bisphenol A from dental composites. Dent Mater J. 2021;37(10):1561-8.
Rasdi Z, Kamaludin R, Syed Ahmad Fuad SB, Othman MH, Siran R, Mohd Nor NS, Abdul Hamid Hasani N, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH. The impacts of intrauterine Bisphenol A exposure on pregnancy and expression of miRNAs related to heart development and diseases in animal model. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-3.
Braun JM, Yolton K, Dietrich KN, Hornung R, Ye X, Calafat AM, Lanphear BP. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure and early childhood behavior. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(12):1945.
Chouhan S, Yadav SK, Prakash J, Singh SP. Effect of Bisphenol A on human health and its degradation by microorganisms: a review. Ann Microbiol 2014;64(1):13-21.
Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology 2007;24(2):139-77.
Trachtenberg FL, Shrader P, Barregard L, Maserejian NN. Dental composite materials and renal function in children. British Dent J 2014;216(2):E4.
Melzer D, Rice NE, Lewis C, Henley WE, Galloway TS. Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PloS one 2010;5(1):e8673.
Shankar A, Teppala S. Urinary bisphenol A and hypertension in a multiethnic sample of US adults. J Environ Public Health 2012;2012.
Aekplakorn W, Chailurkit LO, Ongphiphadhanakul B. Association of serum bisphenol A with hypertension in Thai population. Int J Hypertens 2015;2015.
Edy S, Samad R. Prevention of dentists in Makassar to the risk of amalgam. J Dentomaxillofac Sci 2012;11(2):79-83.
den Braver-Sewradj SP, van Spronsen R, Hessel EV. Substitution of bisphenol A: a review of the carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption potential of alternative substances. Critical reviews in toxicology. 2020;50(2):128-47.
Usman A, Ikhlas S, Ahmad M. Occurrence, toxicity and endocrine disrupting potential of Bisphenol-B and Bisphenol-F: A mini-review. Toxicol Lett. 2019;312:222-7.
Yin L, Yu K, Lin S, Song X, Yu X. Associations of blood mercury, inorganic mercury, methyl mercury and bisphenol A with dental surface restorations in the US population, NHANES 2003–2004 and 2010–2012. Ecotoxicol.Environ Saf. 2016;134:213-25.
Bationo R, Jordana F, Boileau MJ, Colat-Parros J. Release of monomers from orthodontic adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2016;150(3):491-8.
Jun SK, Cha JR, Knowles JC, Kim HW, Lee JH, Lee HH. Development of Bis-GMA-free biopolymer to avoid estrogenicity. Dent Mater J. 2020;36(1):157-66.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2020. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=25-001-16-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2016. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=85-001-07-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2020. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=265-001-09-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2017. Available at: https://sd.sinclairdental.com/sdmedia/msds/376ck06.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Pty Ltd; 2018. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xMx_Bl8mBlv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Milford Ltd; 2019. Available at: https://chemmanagement.ehs.com/9/60BBBCFA-FE39-4844-A79D-86123E2EAD1B/pdf/VGE375. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Pulpdent Corporation; 2022. Available at: https://www.pulpdent.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/GHS-SDS-Embrace-Product-Line-r.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Pulpdent Corporation; 2021. Available at: https://www.pulpdent.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/GHS-SDS-Seal-Rite.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/optiguard-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ivoclar; 2020. Available at: https://www.ivoclar.com/medias/Helioseal-F-SDS-au.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xM829oYtx4v70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xM8mGNYtxMv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xlYtvMYtBOv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xMxmSoYtSPv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. 3M ESPE; 2022. Available at: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8l00xm82Bm8_ZPv70k17zHvu9lxtD7SSSSSS--. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Pty Ltd; 2018. Available at: https://www.dentsplysirona.com/content/dam/Dentsply-Sirona-Flagship/australia/sds/TPHSpectra43-7656-Apr16.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Dentsply Pty Ltd; 2019. Available at: https://chemmanagement.ehs.com/9/60BBBCFA-FE39-4844-A79D-86123E2EAD1B/pdf/VBG923. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/premise-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Kerr Corporation; 2019. Available at: https://www.kerrdental.com/resource-center/herculite-xrv-us-sds. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2019. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=143-001-04-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Material Safety Data Sheets. Ultradent Products Inc; 2019. Available at: https://www.ultradent.com/Resources/GetSds?key=67-001-08-en-eu. Accessed November 30, 2022.
Doerge DR, Twaddle NC, Vanlandingham M, Fisher JW. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in neonatal and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;247(2):158-65.
Matthews JB, Twomey K, Zacharewski TR. In vitro and in vivo interactions of bisphenol A and its metabolite, bisphenol A glucuronide, with estrogen receptors α and β. Chem Res Toxicol 2001;14(2):149-57.
Völkel W, Bittner N, Dekant W. Quantitation of bisphenol A and bisphenol A glucuronide in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2005;33(11):1748-57.
Flint S, Markle T, Thompson S, Wallace E. Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: a wildlife perspective. J Environ Manage 2012;104:19-34.
Chapin RE, Adams J, Boekelheide K, Gray Jr LE. Hayward SW, Lees PS, McIntyre BS, Portier KM, Schnorr TM, Selevan SG, Vandenbergh JG, Woskie SR. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A. Birth Defects Res. B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2008;83(3):157-395.
Roy JR, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty TR. Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting puberty in humans--a review. Med Sci Monit 2009;15(6):RA137-45.
Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009;30(4):293-342.
Song KH, Lee K, Choi HS. Endocrine disrupter bisphenol an induces orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 gene expression and steroidogenesis in mouse testicular Leydig cells. Endocrinology 2002;143(6):2208-15.
Walsh DE, Dockery P, Doolan CM. Estrogen receptor independent rapid non-genomic effects of environmental estrogens on [Ca2+] i in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;230(1-2):23-30.
Sakurai K, Kawazuma M, Adachi T, Harigaya T, Saito Y, Hashimoto N, Mori C. Bisphenol A affects glucose transport in mouse 3T3‐F442A adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004;141(2):209-14.
Nadal A, Ropero AB, Laribi O, Maillet M, Fuentes E, Soria B. Nongenomic actions of estrogens and xenoestrogens by binding at a plasma membrane receptor unrelated to estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000;97(21):11603-8.
Quesada I, Fuentes E, Viso-León MC, Soria B, Ripoll C, Nadal A. Low doses of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A and the native hormone 17β-estradiol rapidly activate transcription factor CREB. FASEB J 2002;16(12):1671-3.
Shelby MD. NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of bisphenol A. Ntp cerhr mon 2008;22:v-ii.
De Nys S, Duca RC, Vervliet P, Covaci A, Boonen I, Elskens M, Vanoirbeek J, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Bisphenol A as degradation product of monomers used in resin-based dental materials. Dent Mater J. 2021;37(6):1020-9.
Lopes‐Rocha L, Ribeiro‐Gonçalves L, Henriques B, Özcan M, Tiritan ME, Souza JC. An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater. 2021;109(11):1942-52.
Jo ED, Lee SB, Kang CM, Kim KM, Kwon JS. Release of bisphenol a from pit and fissure sealants according to different pH conditions. Polymers. 2021;14(1):37.
Löfroth M, Ghasemimehr M, Falk A, von Steyern PV. Bisphenol A in dental materials–existence, leakage and biological effects. Heliyon. 2019;5(5):e01711
Joskow R, Barr DB, Barr JR, Calafat AM, Needham LL, Rubin C. Exposure to bisphenol A from bis-glycidyl dimethacrylate–based dental sealants. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(3):353-62.
Berge TL, Lygre GB, Lie SA, Lindh CH, Björkman L. Bisphenol A in human saliva and urine before and after treatment with dental polymer‐based restorative materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2019;127(5):435-44.
De Nys S, Putzeys E, Duca RC, Vervliet P, Covaci A, Boonen I, Elskens M, Vanoirbeek J, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Long-term elution of bisphenol A from dental composites. Dent Mater J. 2021;37(10):1561-8.
Rasdi Z, Kamaludin R, Syed Ahmad Fuad SB, Othman MH, Siran R, Mohd Nor NS, Abdul Hamid Hasani N, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH. The impacts of intrauterine Bisphenol A exposure on pregnancy and expression of miRNAs related to heart development and diseases in animal model. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1-3.
Braun JM, Yolton K, Dietrich KN, Hornung R, Ye X, Calafat AM, Lanphear BP. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure and early childhood behavior. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(12):1945.
Published
2023-01-09
How to Cite
HATTA, Ridhayani; PRATAMA, Mohamad Arif Budiman Putra; ASENCIO, Ílida Ortega.
Dental Materials and Bisphenol-A Exposures.
Journal of Indonesian Dental Association, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 115-123, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2621-6175.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jida/article/view/859>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jida.v5i2.859.
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
