Oral Manifestations among Male Smokers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract
Background: Smoking is a risk factor for numerous diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and lung disease. It also has negative effects in the oral cavity, including an increased incidence of cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease, implant failure, dental caries, and dental staining. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with clinical manifestations of the oral cavity in smokers in Banjarmasin. Methods: This study utilized an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were gathered from the Dinas Kesehatan Office of Banjarmasin City through anamnesis and clinical oral cavity examination. Fifty-seven participants meeting specific criteria were selected using purposive sampling. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test to examine the link between age, duration, and frequency of smoking with oral manifestations. The Fisher's exact test was employed if the data did not meet the chi-square test criteria. Results: The highest number of smokers were aged ≤40 years old (52.6%), the duration of smoking was found the most at the duration of >10 years (59.6%), and the frequency of smoking was higher in those who smoked more than 15 cigarettes per day (57.9%). The bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the duration of smoking and manifestations of a smoker’s palate (p = 0.040). A significant relationship between smoking frequency and manifestations of smoker’s melanosis was shown (p = 0.042). Conclusion: The oral manifestations of male smokers included smoker’s melanosis, smoker’s palate, periodontal disease, and dental staining.References
REFERENCES
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1. Kementerian Kesehatan TCSC-I. Bunga Rampai Fakta Tembakau dan Permasalahannya di Indonesia Tahun 2014. Jakarta; 2015. p.2-9.
2. Kementrian Kesehatan Indonesia. Hasil Utama Riskesdas tahun 2013. Jakarta; 2013. p.132-138.
3. Kementrian Kesehatan Indonesia. Laporan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Riskesdas tahun 2018. Jakarta; 2018. p.324-342.
4. Kusuma ARP. Pengaruh Merokok terhadap Kesehatan Gigi dan Rongga Mulut. Maj Ilm Sultan Agung. 2019; 49(124). p.12–19.
5. Awan, KH. Effects of Tobacco Use on Oral Health. An Overview. Annal Dent Univ Malaya 2011; 18:18-23.
6. Behura SS, Masthan MK, Narayanasamy AB. Oral Mucosal Lesions Associated with Smokers and Chewers - A Case-Control Study in Chennai Population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jul;9(7):ZC17-22. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14008.6169. Epub 2015 Jul 1. PMID: 26393198; PMCID: PMC4573030.
7. El Toum S, Cassia A, Bouchi N, Kassab I. Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions by Sex and Age Categories: A Retrospective Study of Patients Attending Lebanese School of Dentistry. Int J Dent. 2018 May 17;2018:4030134. doi: 10.1155/2018/4030134. PMID: 29887889; PMCID: PMC5985080.
8. Haralur SB. Effect of Age on Tooth Shade, Skin Color and Skin-Tooth Color Interrelationship in Saudi Arabian Subpopulation. J Int Oral Health. 2015 Aug;7(8):33-6. PMID: 26464536; PMCID: PMC4588786.
9. Ozturk O, Fidanci I, Mustafa U. Effects of Smoking on Oral Cavity. J Exp Clin Med. 2017; 34(1):3-7. doi: 10.5835/jecm.omu.34.01.002
10. Grover HS, Bhardwaj A, Singh Y. Smoking and Periodontal Disease. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2013 Apr 28; 2(2):7–13.
11. Oktanauli P, Heriaw NQ. Distribusi Frekuensi Perubahan Warna Email Gigi pada Perokok. Cakradonya Dental Journal, 2018; 9, 116–120. https://doi.org/10.24815/cdj.v9i2.9749.
12. Khalisa E, Adhani R, Arifin S. Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Pembentukan Stain (Noda Gigi) pada Pasien di Poli Gigi RSUD Ratu Zalecha Martapura. DENTINO Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Vol I. No 1. Maret 2016. 2016; (1):27-31.
13. Stoopler ET, Alawi F. Pigmented Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. In: Farah CS, Balasubramaniam R, McCullough MJ, editors. Contemporary Oral Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2017:699-710.
14. Shahna N, Suchetha A, Sapna N, Darshan BM, Apoorva SM. Gingival Pigmentation: A Review of Literature. Int J Appl Dent Sci 2019;5(2):83-91.
15. Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Majorana A. Oral Mucosal Lesions in Electronic Cigarettes Consumers Versus Former Smokers. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018 Apr;76(3):226-228. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2017.1406613. Epub 2017 Nov 21. PMID: 29161938.
16. Mishra S, Mishra MB. Tobacco: Its historical, cultural, oral, and periodontal health association. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013 Jan;3(1):12-8. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.115708. PMID: 24478974; PMCID: PMC3894096.
17. Prabowo DMS, Widodo HB. Nicotine Stomatitis in Smokers: A Case Report. J Dentomaxillofacial Sci. 2018 Apr 1; 3(1):58-60.
18. Mubeen, K., Chandrashekhar, H., Kavitha, M., Nagarathna, S. Effect of Tobacco on Oral Health: An Overview. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2013;2:3523-3534. Doi:10.14260/jemds/723.
19. Feller L, Chandran R, Kramer B, Khammissa RA, Altini M, Lemmer J. Melanocyte Biology and Function with Reference to Oral Melanin Hyperpigmentation in HIV-Seropositive Subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Sep;30(9):837-43. doi: 10.1089/AID.2014.0062. Epub 2014 Aug 11. PMID: 25026474.
20. Hassona Y, Sawair F, Al-Karadsheh O, Scully C. Prevalence and clinical features of pigmented oral lesions. Int J Dermatol. 2016 Sep;55(9):1005-13. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13133. Epub 2015 Dec 28. PMID: 26711197.
21. Mawaddah N, Arbianti K, Ringga N. Perbedaan Indeks Kebutuhan Perawatan Periodontal (CPITN) Anak Normal dan Anak Tunarungu. ODONTO Dent J. 2017 Aug 9; 4(1): 44-48.
22. Nadeem M, Shafique R, Yaldram A, López R. Intraoral Distribution of Oral Melanosis and Cigarette Smoking in a Pakistan Population. International Journal of Dental Clinics. 2011;3
23. Yosadi ZD, Rompas S, Bawotong J. Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Terjadinya Smoker’s Melanosis pada Kalangan Petani di Desa Tutuyan 1 Kecamatan Tutuyan Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Timur. J-Kp [Internet]. 2015 Aug. 5 [cited 2024 Jun. 22];3(3). Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/jkp/article/view/8778
24. Rohmawati N, Santik Y. Status Penyakit Periodontal pada Pria Perokok Dewasa, HIGEIA (Journal of Public Health Research and Development), 2019;3(2):286-297. doi: 10.15294/higeia.v3i2.25497. https://doi.org/10.15294/higeia.v3i2.25497
25. Bastiaan RJ, Reade PC. The Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Oral and Dental Tissues. Aust Dent J. 1976 Aug;21(4):308-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1976.tb01038.x. PMID: 1070961.
Published
2024-06-22
How to Cite
GENENY, Ananda Regitha; APRIASARI, Maharani L; HATTA, Isnur.
Oral Manifestations among Male Smokers in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Journal of Indonesian Oral Medicine Society, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, p. 21-28, june 2024.
ISSN 3026-6688.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jioms/article/view/1159>. Date accessed: 31 aug. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jioms.v2i1.1159.
Section
Original Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
