Description of length, height, and mandibular gonial angle of Kennedy classification class I, II, III, and IV patients
Reviewed using panoramic radiograph at Ulin Regional Hospital and Gusti Hasan Aman Oral and Dental Hospital Banjarmasin
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to describe the length, height, and mandibular gonial angle of Kennedy classification class I, II, III, and IV patients using panoramic radiographs at Ulin Regional Hospital and GHA Oral and Dental Hospital Banjarmasin.Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive with a cross-sectional design. Sampling used the purposive sampling technique. The research sample was an archive of digital panoramic radiographs of Ulin Regional Hospital and GHA Oral and Dental Hospital Banjarmasin patients aged 30-70 with Kennedy classification, recorded in the Radiology Installation from January 2018 to January 2024.
Results: The results from 108 samples of Kennedy classification patients showed that the smallest length of the mandible on the left and right sides is in class I Kennedy. The measurement of mandibular height at points II-R is the smallest in class IV, and the smallest at III-L is in class II. At point II-R, the smallest mean is in class IV, and the smallest at II-L is in class I. The largest measurement of the gonial angle on the left and right sides is in class IV.
Conclusion: The mandibular length most likely to cause the temporomandibular disorder is Kennedy class I on the left side in 18 samples (17%). The height and gonial angle of the mandible that most likely causes temporomandibular disorder are on the right side for height and the left side for gonial angle in Kennedy class IV as many as 18 samples (17%).
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Miwa S, Wada M, Murakami S, Suganami T, Ikebe K, Maeda Y. Gonial Angle Measured by Orthopantomography as a Predictor of Maximum Occlusal Force. J Prosthodont. 2019;28(1):e426–30.
Elfitri T, Firdaus, Iswani R. Analisis Besar Sudut Gonial Mandibula Berdasarkan Hasil Rontgen Panoramik. J B-Dent. 2017;4(1):15–22.
Tiwari S, Nambiar S, Unnikrishnan B. Chewing side preference - Impact on facial symmetry, dentition and temporomandibular joint and its correlation with handedness. J Orofac Sci. 2017;9(1):22–7.
Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Laporan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Riskesdas 2018. Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2018.
Kumar L. Biomechanics and clinical implications of complete edentulous state. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;5(4):101–4.
Nguyen MS, Saag M, Voog-Oras Ü, Nguyen T, Jagomägi T. Temporomandibular Disorder Signs, Occlusal Support, and Craniofacial Structure Changes Among the Elderly Vietnamese. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2018;17(3):362–71.
Mangiri BS, Utami ND. Dampak Area Edentulous Terhadap Jaringan Periodontal (Laporan Kasus). Mulawarman Dent J. 2022;2(2):67–77.
Lubis H, Tiong R. Relationship between nutritional status and mandibular length in subjects aged 10–16 years. Sci Dent J. 2021;5(3):144.
Nawira, Wahyuni OR, Noerjanto RPB. Pengukuran ketinggian ramus dan kondilus mandibula pada penderita tak bergigi dengan radiografi panoramik. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol Dent J. 2015;6(1):21–6.
Okşayan R, Asarkaya B, Palta N, Şimşek I, Sökücü O, Işman E. Effects of edentulism on mandibular morphology: Evaluation of panoramic radiographs. Sci World J. 2014;2014:1–5.
Nainggolan LI, Girsang AL. Mandibular Morphology Differences Between Edentulous And Dentate Assessed By Panoramic Radiographs. IIUM Med J Malaysia. 2017;16(2).
Basheer B, Muharib S Bin, Moqbel G Bin, Alzahrani A, Alsukaybi M, Althunyan M. Mandibular Morphological Variations in Partially Edentulous Adult Patients : An Orthopantomographic Study. Int J Med Res Heal Sci. 2019;8(11):67–74.
Dwira Wardhani M, Astuti ER, Wahyuni RO. Pengukuran sudut gonial mandibula laki-laki berdasarkan usia melalui radiograf panoramik. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol Dent J. 2015;6(2):6–11.
Carr AB, Brown DT. McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics. 13th ed. Missouri: Elsevier Inc.; 2016. 17–19 p.
Rahmayani L, Andriany P. Distribusi Frekuensi Kehilangan Gigi Berdasarkan Klasifikasi Kennedy Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Pendapatan Masyarakat Kelurahan Peuniti Banda Aceh. ODONTO Dent J. 2015;2(1):8.
Gopal TM, Subhashree R. Prevalence of kennedy classification in partially edentulous patients - A retrospective study. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020;14(4):5585–91.
Whyte A, Boeddinghaus R, Bartley A, Vijeyaendra R. Imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Clin Radiol. 2021;76(1):76.e21-76.e35.
White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation. 7th ed. Canada: Elsevier Mosby; 2014.
Pramatika B, Azhari A, Epsilawati L. Correlation in mandibular length and third molar maturation based on their radiography appearances. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2018;30(2):109.
Ramadhani NF, Wahyuni OR, Astuti ER. Ketinggian mandibular alveolar ridge pada gambaran radiografik panoramik pasien pria tidak bergigi. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol Dent J. 2015;6(1):6–10.
Rupa K, Chatra L, Shenai P, Veena K, Rao P, Prabhu R, et al. Gonial angle and ramus height as sex determinants: A radiographic pilot study. J Cranio-Maxillary Dis. 2015;4(2):111.
Octavia MR, Lubis MNP. Efek jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior terhadap bentuk kondilus di rsgm-p fkg usakti melalui radiografi panoramik (Laporan Penelitian). J Kedokt Gigi Terpadu. 2023;5(1):51–3.
Windriyatna, Sugiatno E, Tjahjanti E. Pengaruh Kehilangan Gigi Posterior Rahang Atas dan Rahang Bawah Terhadap Gangguan Sendi Temporomandibula (Tinjauan Klinis Radiografi Sudut Inklinasi Eminensia Artikularis). J Kedokt Gigi. 2015;6(3):315–20.
Uma M, Shetty R, Shenoy KK. Cephalometric: Evaluation of influence of edentulousness on mandibular morphology: A comparative study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2013;13(3):269–73.
Siagian KV. Kehilangan sebagian gigi pada rongga mulut. e-CliniC. 2016;4(1).
Amara R, Sam B, Lita YA. Asimetri ketinggian kondilus dan gejala temporomandibular disorder pada pasien edentulous: studi observasional. Padjadjaran J Dent Res Students. 2023;7(3):254.
Al-Zubair NM. Dental arch asymmetry. Eur J Dent. 2014;8(2):224–8.
Agrawal M, Agrawal JA, Nanjannawar L, Fulari S, Kagi V. Dentofacial Asymmetries: Challenging Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. J Int oral Heal JIOH. 2015;7(7):128–31.
Gribel BF, Thiesen G, Borges TS, Freitas MPM. Prevalence of Mandibular Asymmetry in Skeletal Class I Adult Patients. J Res Dent. 2014;2(2):189.
Azhari A, Pramatika B, Epsilawati L. Differences between male and female mandibular length growth according to panoramic radiograph. Maj Kedokt Gigi Indones. 2019;1(1):43.
Khairinisa FA, Azhari, Pramanik F. Description of alveolar bone resorption in partially edentulous mandible of a female patient in panoramic radiograph. J Dentomaxillofacial Sci. 2022;7(2):92–6.
Kumar TA, Naeem A, Ak V, Mariyam A, Krishna D. Residual Ridge Resorption : The Unstoppable. Int J Appl Res. 2016;2(2):169–71.
Fouda SM, Gad MM, Tantawi M El, Virtanen JI, Sipila K, Raustia A. Influence of tooth loss on mandibular morphology: A cone-beam computed tomography study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(9):e814–9.
Apriyono DK. Analisis Besar Sudut Gonial Mandibula pada Anak-Anak Penderita Down Syndrome. Stomatognatic (JKG Unej). 2022;19(2):104–9.
Bakan A, Kervancıoğlu P, Bahşi İ, Yalçın ED. Comparison of the Gonial Angle With Age and Gender Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images. Cureus. 2022;14(5):10–5.
Miwa S, Wada M, Murakami S, Suganami T, Ikebe K, Maeda Y. Gonial Angle Measured by Orthopantomography as a Predictor of Maximum Occlusal Force. J Prosthodont. 2019;28(1):e426–30.
Elfitri T, Firdaus, Iswani R. Analisis Besar Sudut Gonial Mandibula Berdasarkan Hasil Rontgen Panoramik. J B-Dent. 2017;4(1):15–22.
Tiwari S, Nambiar S, Unnikrishnan B. Chewing side preference - Impact on facial symmetry, dentition and temporomandibular joint and its correlation with handedness. J Orofac Sci. 2017;9(1):22–7.
Published
2025-05-31
How to Cite
Z. PARAMITHA, Andi Irmaya et al.
Description of length, height, and mandibular gonial angle of Kennedy classification class I, II, III, and IV patients.
Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia (JRDI), [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 7-14, may 2025.
ISSN 2686-1321.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jrdi/article/view/1189>. Date accessed: 29 june 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v9i1.1189.
Section
Original Research Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
