Morphological variations of the mandibular condyle as assessed from panoramic radiographic images: a literature review
Abstract
Objectives: This literature review aims to analyze the morphological variations of the mandibular condyle as observed in panoramic radiographic images. It investigates recent findings on the correlation between condylar morphology and clinical factors, highlights the clinical relevance of these variations in diagnosis and treatment planning, and underscores the importance of early identification of structural abnormalities in dental practice.Review: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Keywords used were: mandibular condyle, morphological variation, panoramic radiograph, and TMJ. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed studies published in English from 2015 to 2023 focusing on human panoramic radiographic evaluations of condylar morphology. Exclusion criteria included studies using only CBCT without panoramic comparisons, case reports, and studies on animal subjects. The review synthesized retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational studies with sample sizes ranging from children to older adults to identify common condylar morphologies and their clinical implications.
Conclusion: Panoramic radiographs can effectively identify morphological variations of the mandibular condyle, such as round, flat, angled, convex, and rare bifid shapes. These variations are associated with factors like age, gender, dentition status, and occlusion. Understanding these differences is crucial for early diagnosis and proper management of temporomandibular disorders.
Keywords: Morphological variations, mandibular condyle, panoramic radiography, temporomandibular joint, TMJ disorders
References
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22. Rawlani SM, Bhowate R, Kashikar S, Khubchandani M, Rawlani S, Chandak R. Morphological evaluation of temporo-mandibular joint in Indian population. Brazilian Dent Sci. 2018;21(1):44–53
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24. Chatgile R, Bhoosreddy A, Bhadage C, Sisodiya S, Gadkari T. Assessment of Morphological Variation of the Mandibular Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and Sigmoid Notch in Temporomandibular Joints of Adult Population Using Digital Orthopantomogram Based on Age and Gender –A Cross-sectional Study. Asian Pacific J Heal Sci. 2022;9(4):379–82
25. Gunawan, Fitria I. Bilateral radicular cyst mimicking dentigerous cyst: a case report. Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2023;7(1)31-4
26. Health O, Management D. An evaluation of the correlation between the condylar head shape, age, gender, and oral breathing- A radiographic study.2024; 2(1):1–6
27. Singh M, Khurshaid SZ. Evaluation of morphological variation of mandibular condyle using panoramic radiography. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2020;6(4):478–80
28. Shubhasini A, Praveen Birur N, Shubha G, Keerthi G, Sunny SP, Nayak DS. Study of Three Dimensional Morphology of Mandibular Condyle Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Manipal J Dent Sci [Internet]. 2016;1(1):7–12
29. Dahal S, Atreya A, Gupta SP, Natarajan S. Oval Type of Human Mandibular Condyle in Panoramic Radiographs of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2022;60(250):525–8
30. Muñoz G, Olate S, Cantín M, Vásquez B, Sol M Del. TMJ in facial class III deformity. Condylar morphology relations. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(9):3113–7
31. Sa SC, Melo SLS, de Melo DP, Freitas DQ, Campos PSF. Relationship between articular eminence inclination and alterations of the mandibular condyle: a CBCT study. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31(0):1–8.
32. Manja CD, Rajaduray D. Analysis of height and width of mandibular condyle and shape of the articular eminence with and without clicking using TMJ radiography. Int J Dent Res. 2019;4(3):99–103
33. RM K, MA A, AH A, SM S, OA A, MF A, et al. Age related variations of the mandibular condyle in a sample of Saudi population. J Educ Res Rev. 2021;9(1):6–12
34. Noh KJ, Baik HS, Han SS, Jang W, Choi YJ. Differences in mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa morphology in relation to vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns: A cone-beam computed tomography study. Korean J Orthod. 2021;51(2):126–34
35. Pramanik F, Firman RN, Sam B. Differences of temporomandibular joint condyle morphology with and without clicking using digital panoramic radiograph. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2016;28(3):159–64
36. Shaikh AH, Ahmed S, Ahmed AR, Das G, Taqi M, Nisar S, et al. Assessment of radiographic morphology of mandibular condyles: a radiographic study. Folia Morphol. 2022;81(2):481–6
37. El Bahnasy S, Magdy E, Riad D. Radiographic assessment of gender-related condylar head morphologic changes using a Cone Beam Computed Tomography. A retrospective study. Egypt Dent J. 2022;68(4):3323–31
38. Singh A, Gupta A, Mahanta SK, Deepak D, Sonam K. Variations in Shapes of Mandibular Condyles on Digital Orthopantomograph Among Patients Visiting A Dental College. 2021;11(2);260–3
39. Sande R. Anatomical Variation of Mandibular Condyle - a. 2019;8(9):767–74
40. Ahmed J, Sujir N, Shenoy N, Binnal A, Ongole R. Morphological Assessment of TMJ Spaces, Mandibular Condyle, and Glenoid Fossa Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Retrospective Analysis. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2021;31(01):78–85
41. Chaurasia A, Giri S. Evaluation of mandibular condyle morphology in Indian ethnics-A cross sectional cone beam computed tomography study. J Oral Med Oral Surgery, Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;3(1):17–22
42. López DF, Botero JR, Muñoz JM, Cardenas-Perilla RA. Mandibular and temporomandibular morphologic characteristics of patients with suspected unilateral condylar hyperplasia: A CT study. Dental Press J Orthod. 2020;25(2):61–8
43. Jean TY, Tatt LW, Wei LS, Kiong SC, Bujang MA. Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in The Population of Sarawak: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study Using Digital Panoramic Radiograph. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2023;19(4):258–64
44. Chen HS, Hsiao SY, Lee KT. Analysis of Facial Skeletal Morphology: Nasal Bone, Maxilla, and Mandible. Biomed Res Int. 2021;1;1-9
45. Esfehani M, Tofangchiha M, Poorsayyah N, Rahimi H, Kholafazadeh S, Radfar S, et al. Relationship between Posterior Permanent Dentition Pattern and Radiographic Changes of the Mandibular Condyle. Methods Protoc. 2022;5(6):1–9
46. Ahmed TH, Abubakir K, Khrwatany K, Shekhani FH. A Panoramic Study of the Dissimilar Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population in Erbil City. ARC J Dent Sci. 2021;6(2):0–5.
47. Mds AS, Nair B, Rajmane Y, Patil ST. Morphological variations of condylar process and sigmoid notch using Orthopantomograms in Western part of Maharashtra population. Int J Appl Dent Sci [Internet]. 2018;160(1):160–3
48. Michalski CD, Pollizzi A, Dhar D, Hayes LL, Chandra T. Bifid Mandibular Condyle With Associated Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Rare Skeletal Abnormality. Cureus. 2022;14(9):2–6
49. R R, Periasamy S, Kumar SP. Bifid Mandibular Condyle as the Hidden Cause for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. Cureus. 2021;13(8):1–13
50. Tomagnini CC, Viana Pinto JM, Costa Alves TK, Aranha Neto IS, Vespasiano AI, Manzi FR. Unilateral bifid condyle: A case report. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2021;61(4):192–6
2. Bains SK, Bhatia A, Kumar N, Kataria A, Balmuchu I, Srivastava S. Assessment of Morphological Variations of the Coronoid Process, Condyle, and Sigmoid Notch as an Adjunct in Personal Identification Using Orthopantomograms Among the North Indian Population. Cureus. 2023;15(6):1–9.
3. Krishnan V, Sreela L, Mathew P, Prasad T. Radiographic evaluation of remodeling of mandible in adult South Indian population: Implications in forensic science. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2019;11(3):137-141.
4. Saloni S, Verma P, Mahajan P, Puri A, Kaur S, Mehta S. Gender determination by morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus in sriganganagar population: A digital panoramic study. Indian J Dent Res. 2020;31(3):444–8.
5. Yavan MA, Isman E, Kocahan S. Evaluation of condylar structures on panoramic radiographs in adolescent patients with coeliac disease. Folia Morphol. 2019;78(1):191–4
6. Alves N, Ceballos F, Loreto Muñoz , Figueiredo Deana N. Sex Estimation by Metric Analysis of the Angle of Mandible and the Mandibular Ramus: A Systematic Review Estimación Sexual Mediante Análisis Métrico del Ángulo de la Mandíbula y de la Rama Mandibular: Revisión Sistemática. Int J Morphol. 2022;40(4):883–94
7. Singh B, Kumar NR, Balan A, Nishan M, Haris PS, Jinisha M. Evaluasi Morfologi Normal Kondilus Mandibula : Survei Radiografi Abstrak. Dental Radiology Original Research. 2020;10(1):1–16
8. Tassoker M, Akin D, Aydin Kabakci AD, Sener S. Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography for mandibular morphometry. Folia Morphol. 2019;78(4):862–70
9. Yalcin ED, Ararat E. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study of Mandibular Condylar Morphology. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(8):2621–4.
10. Aqeel Al-Saedi IL, Al-Taee R, Al-Jasim NH, Al-Bakhakh B. A panoramic study of the morphology of mandibular condyle in a sample of population from Basrah City. Int J Morphol. 2020;38(6):1707–12
11. Bhasin M, Singh P, Gupta R. A Retrospective Study of Condylar Morphology by Digital Panoramic Radiographs. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2023;35(3):417–21
12. Syaira Putri M, Pramanik F, Epsilawati L. Descriptions Of Condyle Head Position In Digital Panoramic Radiograph Of Clicking And Nonclicking Patients At Rsgm Unpad Dental Radiology Installation. Dentino J Kedokt Gigi. 2019;IV(2):210–3
13. Sridhar M, Dharman S. Assessment of mandibular condylar morphology using digital orthopantomogram in chennai population. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2020;14(3):717–23
14. ONEM OZBİLEN E, TURAN B, BAŞAL E, YILDIRIM G. Evaluation of Mandibular Condyle Shape Distribution Using Digital Panoramic Images. Eur J Res Dent. 2023;7(2):88–93
15. Tanu L, Polii H, Lesmana D. Morphological Appearance of Condylar Head in Mixed Dentition Period (Evaluated from Panoramic Radiograph). 2021;1:1–7. Available from: www.preprints.org
16. Putra RA, Prativi SA, Haksajiwo V. Korelasi Variasi Edentulous Ujung Bebas Unilateral dan Variasi Morfologi Kondilus Menggunakan Radiografi Panoramik di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry. 2021;2(1);31–8
17. Türker G, Öztürk Yaşar M. Evaluation of associations between condylar morphology, ramus height and mandibular plane angle in various vertical skeletal patterns: a digital radiographic study. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. 2022;22(1):1–10
18. Sreenivasagan S. Variation in condylar morphology in different malocclusion among Indians. Bioinformation. 2022;17(12):1134–7
19. Karthikeyan P, Peng Hoe L, Pei Yen K, Wen Weng L, Kumaresan R, History A. Prevalence of various morphological types of Condyle seen among Malaysian Ethnic groups using Conventional Orthopantomogram Medical Science. Med Sci [Internet]. 2019;23(100):869–75
20. Sancar B, Karadeniz B, Boylu O, Duman S, Dayi E. Evaluation of the relationship of temporomandibular disorders and the morphology of the mandible. Med Sci | Int Med J. 2021;10(4):1412
21. Symkhampha K, Ahn GS, Huh KH, Heo MS, Lee SS, Kim JE. Radiographic features of cleidocranial dysplasia on panoramic radiographs. Imaging Sci Dent. 2021;51(3):271–8
22. Rawlani SM, Bhowate R, Kashikar S, Khubchandani M, Rawlani S, Chandak R. Morphological evaluation of temporo-mandibular joint in Indian population. Brazilian Dent Sci. 2018;21(1):44–53
23. Bhasin, Meenakshi, Singh, Pooja Gupta, Ramesh. A Retrospective Study of Condylar Morphology by Digital Panoramic Radiographs. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2023;35(3);417-21
24. Chatgile R, Bhoosreddy A, Bhadage C, Sisodiya S, Gadkari T. Assessment of Morphological Variation of the Mandibular Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and Sigmoid Notch in Temporomandibular Joints of Adult Population Using Digital Orthopantomogram Based on Age and Gender –A Cross-sectional Study. Asian Pacific J Heal Sci. 2022;9(4):379–82
25. Gunawan, Fitria I. Bilateral radicular cyst mimicking dentigerous cyst: a case report. Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia 2023;7(1)31-4
26. Health O, Management D. An evaluation of the correlation between the condylar head shape, age, gender, and oral breathing- A radiographic study.2024; 2(1):1–6
27. Singh M, Khurshaid SZ. Evaluation of morphological variation of mandibular condyle using panoramic radiography. Int J Appl Dent Sci. 2020;6(4):478–80
28. Shubhasini A, Praveen Birur N, Shubha G, Keerthi G, Sunny SP, Nayak DS. Study of Three Dimensional Morphology of Mandibular Condyle Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Manipal J Dent Sci [Internet]. 2016;1(1):7–12
29. Dahal S, Atreya A, Gupta SP, Natarajan S. Oval Type of Human Mandibular Condyle in Panoramic Radiographs of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2022;60(250):525–8
30. Muñoz G, Olate S, Cantín M, Vásquez B, Sol M Del. TMJ in facial class III deformity. Condylar morphology relations. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(9):3113–7
31. Sa SC, Melo SLS, de Melo DP, Freitas DQ, Campos PSF. Relationship between articular eminence inclination and alterations of the mandibular condyle: a CBCT study. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31(0):1–8.
32. Manja CD, Rajaduray D. Analysis of height and width of mandibular condyle and shape of the articular eminence with and without clicking using TMJ radiography. Int J Dent Res. 2019;4(3):99–103
33. RM K, MA A, AH A, SM S, OA A, MF A, et al. Age related variations of the mandibular condyle in a sample of Saudi population. J Educ Res Rev. 2021;9(1):6–12
34. Noh KJ, Baik HS, Han SS, Jang W, Choi YJ. Differences in mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa morphology in relation to vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns: A cone-beam computed tomography study. Korean J Orthod. 2021;51(2):126–34
35. Pramanik F, Firman RN, Sam B. Differences of temporomandibular joint condyle morphology with and without clicking using digital panoramic radiograph. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2016;28(3):159–64
36. Shaikh AH, Ahmed S, Ahmed AR, Das G, Taqi M, Nisar S, et al. Assessment of radiographic morphology of mandibular condyles: a radiographic study. Folia Morphol. 2022;81(2):481–6
37. El Bahnasy S, Magdy E, Riad D. Radiographic assessment of gender-related condylar head morphologic changes using a Cone Beam Computed Tomography. A retrospective study. Egypt Dent J. 2022;68(4):3323–31
38. Singh A, Gupta A, Mahanta SK, Deepak D, Sonam K. Variations in Shapes of Mandibular Condyles on Digital Orthopantomograph Among Patients Visiting A Dental College. 2021;11(2);260–3
39. Sande R. Anatomical Variation of Mandibular Condyle - a. 2019;8(9):767–74
40. Ahmed J, Sujir N, Shenoy N, Binnal A, Ongole R. Morphological Assessment of TMJ Spaces, Mandibular Condyle, and Glenoid Fossa Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT): A Retrospective Analysis. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2021;31(01):78–85
41. Chaurasia A, Giri S. Evaluation of mandibular condyle morphology in Indian ethnics-A cross sectional cone beam computed tomography study. J Oral Med Oral Surgery, Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;3(1):17–22
42. López DF, Botero JR, Muñoz JM, Cardenas-Perilla RA. Mandibular and temporomandibular morphologic characteristics of patients with suspected unilateral condylar hyperplasia: A CT study. Dental Press J Orthod. 2020;25(2):61–8
43. Jean TY, Tatt LW, Wei LS, Kiong SC, Bujang MA. Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in The Population of Sarawak: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study Using Digital Panoramic Radiograph. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2023;19(4):258–64
44. Chen HS, Hsiao SY, Lee KT. Analysis of Facial Skeletal Morphology: Nasal Bone, Maxilla, and Mandible. Biomed Res Int. 2021;1;1-9
45. Esfehani M, Tofangchiha M, Poorsayyah N, Rahimi H, Kholafazadeh S, Radfar S, et al. Relationship between Posterior Permanent Dentition Pattern and Radiographic Changes of the Mandibular Condyle. Methods Protoc. 2022;5(6):1–9
46. Ahmed TH, Abubakir K, Khrwatany K, Shekhani FH. A Panoramic Study of the Dissimilar Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in a Sample of Population in Erbil City. ARC J Dent Sci. 2021;6(2):0–5.
47. Mds AS, Nair B, Rajmane Y, Patil ST. Morphological variations of condylar process and sigmoid notch using Orthopantomograms in Western part of Maharashtra population. Int J Appl Dent Sci [Internet]. 2018;160(1):160–3
48. Michalski CD, Pollizzi A, Dhar D, Hayes LL, Chandra T. Bifid Mandibular Condyle With Associated Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Rare Skeletal Abnormality. Cureus. 2022;14(9):2–6
49. R R, Periasamy S, Kumar SP. Bifid Mandibular Condyle as the Hidden Cause for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. Cureus. 2021;13(8):1–13
50. Tomagnini CC, Viana Pinto JM, Costa Alves TK, Aranha Neto IS, Vespasiano AI, Manzi FR. Unilateral bifid condyle: A case report. Rev Port Estomatol Med Dent e Cir Maxilofac. 2021;61(4):192–6
Published
2025-08-31
How to Cite
MASYRIFAH, Nurul; YUNUS, Barunawaty.
Morphological variations of the mandibular condyle as assessed from panoramic radiographic images: a literature review.
Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia (JRDI), [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 115-123, aug. 2025.
ISSN 2686-1321.
Available at: <http://jurnal.pdgi.or.id/index.php/jrdi/article/view/1322>. Date accessed: 29 nov. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v9i2.1322.
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
